描述性统计分析

数据使用的是Motor Trend杂志的车辆路试(mtcars)数据集。监测点在于每加仑汽油行驶英里数（mpg）、马力（hp）、车重（wt）。

主要是计算描述性统计量，通过summary()、sapply()、describe()、stat.desc()等函数作为测试，然后进行了简单的分组计算概述统计量，主要通过aggregate()、by()、summaryBy()、describeBy()等函数去测试。

结果中关于最小值、最大值、四分位数、数值型变量均值、因子向量、逻辑向量、标准差、平均值、偏度、峰度等的表示没有作过多的描述，可自行查找。

> #均值和标准差计算
> 
> x <- c(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8)

> mean(x)
[1] 4.5

> sd(x)
[1] 2.44949

> #用算术过程的程序表达
> n <- length(x)

> meanx <- sum(x)/n

> css <- sum((x-meanx)^2)

> sdx <- sqrt(css/(n-1))

> meanx
[1] 4.5

> sdx
[1] 2.44949

> #描述性统计分析
> myvars <- c("mpg","hp","wt")

> head(mtcars[myvars])
                   mpg  hp    wt
Mazda RX4         21.0 110 2.620
Mazda RX4 Wag     21.0 110 2.875
Datsun 710        22.8  93 2.320
Hornet 4 Drive    21.4 110 3.215
Hornet Sportabout 18.7 175 3.440
Valiant           18.1 105 3.460

> #summary计算描述性统计量
> summary(mtcars[myvars])
      mpg              hp              wt       
 Min.   :10.40   Min.   : 52.0   Min.   :1.513  
 1st Qu.:15.43   1st Qu.: 96.5   1st Qu.:2.581  
 Median :19.20   Median :123.0   Median :3.325  
 Mean   :20.09   Mean   :146.7   Mean   :3.217  
 3rd Qu.:22.80   3rd Qu.:180.0   3rd Qu.:3.610  
 Max.   :33.90   Max.   :335.0   Max.   :5.424  

> #通过sapply()计算描述性统计量
> mystats <- function(x,na.omit=FALSE){
+   
+   if (na.omit)
+     x <- x[!is.na(x)]
+   m <- mean(x)
+   n <- length(x)
+   s  .... [TRUNCATED] 

> myvars <- c("mpg","hp","wt")

> sapply(mtcars[myvars],mystats)
               mpg          hp          wt
n        32.000000  32.0000000 32.00000000
mean     20.090625 146.6875000  3.21725000
stdev     6.026948  68.5628685  0.97845744
skew      0.610655   0.7260237  0.42314646
kurtosis -0.372766  -0.1355511 -0.02271075

> library(Hmisc)

> #通过Hmisc包的describe()
> describe(mtcars[myvars])
    vars  n   mean    sd median trimmed   mad   min    max  range skew kurtosis    se
mpg    1 32  20.09  6.03  19.20   19.70  5.41 10.40  33.90  23.50 0.61    -0.37  1.07
hp     2 32 146.69 68.56 123.00  141.19 77.10 52.00 335.00 283.00 0.73    -0.14 12.12
wt     3 32   3.22  0.98   3.33    3.15  0.77  1.51   5.42   3.91 0.42    -0.02  0.17

> library(pastecs)

> #通过pastecs包中的stat.desc()函数
> stat.desc(mtcars[myvars])
                     mpg           hp          wt
nbr.val       32.0000000   32.0000000  32.0000000
nbr.null       0.0000000    0.0000000   0.0000000
nbr.na         0.0000000    0.0000000   0.0000000
min           10.4000000   52.0000000   1.5130000
max           33.9000000  335.0000000   5.4240000
range         23.5000000  283.0000000   3.9110000
sum          642.9000000 4694.0000000 102.9520000
median        19.2000000  123.0000000   3.3250000
mean          20.0906250  146.6875000   3.2172500
SE.mean        1.0654240   12.1203173   0.1729685
CI.mean.0.95   2.1729465   24.7195501   0.3527715
var           36.3241028 4700.8669355   0.9573790
std.dev        6.0269481   68.5628685   0.9784574
coef.var       0.2999881    0.4674077   0.3041285

> library(psych)

> #通过psych包中的describe()计算描述性统计量
> describe(mtcars[myvars])
    vars  n   mean    sd median trimmed   mad   min    max  range skew kurtosis    se
mpg    1 32  20.09  6.03  19.20   19.70  5.41 10.40  33.90  23.50 0.61    -0.37  1.07
hp     2 32 146.69 68.56 123.00  141.19 77.10 52.00 335.00 283.00 0.73    -0.14 12.12
wt     3 32   3.22  0.98   3.33    3.15  0.77  1.51   5.42   3.91 0.42    -0.02  0.17

> #分组计算描述性统计量
> aggregate(mtcars[myvars],by=list(am=mtcars$am),mean)
  am      mpg       hp       wt
1  0 17.14737 160.2632 3.768895
2  1 24.39231 126.8462 2.411000

> aggregate(mtcars[myvars],by=list(am=mtcars$am),sd)
  am      mpg       hp        wt
1  0 3.833966 53.90820 0.7774001
2  1 6.166504 84.06232 0.6169816

> #by()分组计算描述性统计量
> 
> dstats <- function(x) sapply(x,mystats)

> by(mtcars[myvars],mtcars$am,dstats)
mtcars$am: 0
                 mpg           hp         wt
n        19.00000000  19.00000000 19.0000000
mean     17.14736842 160.26315789  3.7688947
stdev     3.83396639  53.90819573  0.7774001
skew      0.01395038  -0.01422519  0.9759294
kurtosis -0.80317826  -1.20969733  0.1415676
----------------------------------------------------------------- 
mtcars$am: 1
                 mpg          hp         wt
n        13.00000000  13.0000000 13.0000000
mean     24.39230769 126.8461538  2.4110000
stdev     6.16650381  84.0623243  0.6169816
skew      0.05256118   1.3598859  0.2103128
kurtosis -1.45535200   0.5634635 -1.1737358

> #使用doBy包中summaryBy()分组计算概述统计量
> library(doBy)

> summaryBy(mpg+hp+wt~am,data = mtcars,FUN = mystats)
  am mpg.n mpg.mean mpg.stdev   mpg.skew mpg.kurtosis hp.n  hp.mean hp.stdev
1  0    19 17.14737  3.833966 0.01395038   -0.8031783   19 160.2632 53.90820
2  1    13 24.39231  6.166504 0.05256118   -1.4553520   13 126.8462 84.06232
      hp.skew hp.kurtosis wt.n  wt.mean  wt.stdev   wt.skew wt.kurtosis
1 -0.01422519  -1.2096973   19 3.768895 0.7774001 0.9759294   0.1415676
2  1.35988586   0.5634635   13 2.411000 0.6169816 0.2103128  -1.1737358

> #使用psych包中的describeBy()分组计算概述统计量
> describeBy(mtcars[myvars],list(am=mtcars$am))

 Descriptive statistics by group 
am: 0
    vars  n   mean    sd median trimmed   mad   min    max  range  skew kurtosis    se
mpg    1 19  17.15  3.83  17.30   17.12  3.11 10.40  24.40  14.00  0.01    -0.80  0.88
hp     2 19 160.26 53.91 175.00  161.06 77.10 62.00 245.00 183.00 -0.01    -1.21 12.37
wt     3 19   3.77  0.78   3.52    3.75  0.45  2.46   5.42   2.96  0.98     0.14  0.18
----------------------------------------------------------------- 
am: 1
    vars  n   mean    sd median trimmed   mad   min    max  range skew kurtosis    se
mpg    1 13  24.39  6.17  22.80   24.38  6.67 15.00  33.90  18.90 0.05    -1.46  1.71
hp     2 13 126.85 84.06 109.00  114.73 63.75 52.00 335.00 283.00 1.36     0.56 23.31
wt     3 13   2.41  0.62   2.32    2.39  0.68  1.51   3.57   2.06 0.21    -1.17  0.17