文章目录
JDBC
一、JDBC基本概念
- JDBC概念:
Java Database Connectivity
Java
数据库连接,Java
语言操作数据库。 - JDBC本质: 其实是官方定义的一套操作所有关系型数据库的规则,即接口。各数据库厂商去实现这套接口,提供数据库驱动
jar
包。我们可以使用这套接口编程,真正执行的代码是驱动jar
包中的实现类。
二、快速入门
步骤
-
导入驱动
jar
包; -
注册驱动;
-
获取数据库连接对象
Connection
; -
定义
sql
; -
获取执行
sql
语句的对象Statement
; -
执行
sql
,接收返回的结果; -
处理结果;
-
释放资源。
package guli.zhu.demo01; import java.sql.Connection; import java.sql.DriverManager; import java.sql.Statement; public class Test01 { public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { //1. 导入驱动`jar`包; //2. 注册驱动; Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"); //3. 获取数据库连接对象`Connection`; Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/db1", "root", "mysql"); //4. 定义`sql`; String sql = "update account set balance = 500 where id = 1"; //5. 获取执行`sql`语句的对象`Statement`; Statement statement = conn.createStatement(); //6. 执行`sql`,接收返回的结果; int count = statement.executeUpdate(sql); //7. 处理结果; System.out.println(count); //8. 释放资源。 statement.close(); conn.close(); } }
三、对JDBC中各个接口和类详解
1.DriverManager: 驱动管理对象
-
功能:
-
注册驱动: 告诉程序应该使用哪一个数据库驱动
jar
//注册与给定驱动程序DriverManager static void registerDriver(Driver driver)
-
写代码时使用:
Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");
-
通过查看源码发现:在
com.mysql.jdbc.Driver
类中存在静态代码块static { try { java.sql.DriverManager.registerDriver(new Driver()); } catch (SQLException E) { throw new RuntimeException("Can't register driver!"); } }
-
注意:
mysql5
之后的驱动jar
包可以省略注册驱动的步骤。
-
-
获取数据库连接:
- 方法:
static Connection getConnection(String url, String user, String password)
- 参数:
url
:指定连接的路径。- 语法:
jdbc:mysql://ip地址:端口号/数据库名称
- 如果连接的是本地的
mysql
服务器,并且端口号为3306,则可以简写为jdbc:mysql:///数据库名称
- 语法:
user
:用户名password
:密码
- 方法:
-
2. Connection: 数据库连接对象
-
功能:
-
获取执行sql的对象:
Statement createStatement() PreparedStatement prepareStatement(String sql)
-
管理事务:
- 开启事务:
setAutoCommit(boolean autoCommit)
:调用该方法设置参数为false
,即开启事务。 - 提交事务:
commit()
- 回滚事务:
rollback()
- 开启事务:
-
3. Statement: 执行sql的对象
-
boolean execute(String sql)
:可以执行任意的sql
。 -
int executeUpdate(String sql)
:执行DML
(insert、update、delete
)语句、DDL
(create,alter、drop
)语句。- 返回值:影响的行数,可以通过这个影响的行数判断
DML
语句是否执行成功 返回值>0
的则执行成功,反之,则失败。
- 返回值:影响的行数,可以通过这个影响的行数判断
-
ResultSet executeQuery(String sql)
:执行DQL
(select
)语句。
4. ResultSet: 结果集对象
boolean next()
:游标向下移动一行,判断当前行是否是最后一行之后,如果是则返回false
,否则返回true
。getXxx(参数)
:获取数据。Xxx
:代表数据类型。如,int getInt(参数)
、String getString(参数)
。- 参数:
int
型:代表列的编号,从1开始。如,int getInt(1)
、String getString(1)
。String
型:代表列的名称。如,int getInt("id")
、String getString("name")
。
- 注意:
- 使用步骤:
- 游标向下移动一行;
- 判断是否有数据;
- 获取数据。
- 使用步骤:
package guli.zhu.demo02;
import java.sql.*;
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Connection conn = null;
Statement statement = null;
ResultSet rs = null;
try {
//1.注册驱动
Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");
//2.获取Connection对象
conn = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/db1","root","mysql");
//3.获取Statement对象
statement = conn.createStatement();
//4.定义sql
String sql = "select * from account";
//5.执行sql
rs = statement.executeQuery(sql);
//6.使用结果
//6.1游标向下移动一行
//6.2获取数据
while (rs.next()) {
int id = rs.getInt("id");
String name = rs.getString("name");
int balance = rs.getInt("balance");
System.out.println(id + "-" + name + "-" + balance);
}
} catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (SQLException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
//6.释放资源
if (rs != null) {
try {
rs.close();
} catch (SQLException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
if (statement != null) {
try {
statement.close();
} catch (SQLException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
if (conn != null) {
try {
conn.close();
} catch (SQLException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}
}
5. PreparedStatement: 执行sql的对象
- SQL注入问题: 在拼接
sql
时,有一些sql
的特殊关键字参数字符串的拼接。会造成安全性问题。 - 解决SQL注入问题: 使用
PreparedStatement
对象来解决。 - 预编译的SQL:参数使用
?
作为占位符。 - 步骤:
- 导入驱动
jar
包。 - 注册驱动。
- 获取数据库连接对象。
- 定义
sql
。- 注意: sql的参数使用
?
作为占位符。如,select * from user where name = ? and passward = ?;
- 注意: sql的参数使用
- 获取执行
sql
的对象PreparedStatement
:Connection.preparedStatement(String sql);
- 注意: 传入
sql
。
- 注意: 传入
- 给
?
赋值。- 方法:
setXxx(参数1, 参数2);
- 参数1:
?
的位置编号,从1开始。 - 参数2:
?
的值。
- 参数1:
- 方法:
- 执行
sql
,接收返回结果。 - 处理结果。
- 释放资源。
- 导入驱动
package guli.zhu.demo04;
import java.sql.*;
import java.util.Scanner;
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("请输入用户名:");
String username = sc.next();
System.out.println("请输入密码:");
String password = sc.next();
if (login(username, password)) {
System.out.println("登录成功");
}else {
System.out.println("登录失败");
}
}
public static boolean login(String username, String password) {
Connection conn = null;
PreparedStatement pstmt = null;
ResultSet rs = null;
try {
Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");
conn = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:mysql:///db2", "root", "mysql");
String sql = "select * from user where name = ? and password = ?";
pstmt = conn.prepareStatement(sql);
pstmt.setString(1,username);
pstmt.setString(2,password);
rs = pstmt.executeQuery();
return rs.next();
} catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (SQLException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
if (rs != null) {
try {
rs.close();
} catch (SQLException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
if (pstmt != null) {
try {
pstmt.close();
} catch (SQLException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
if (conn != null) {
try {
conn.close();
} catch (SQLException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
return false;
}
}
6. 一些练习
//JDBC练习:insert语句
package guli.zhu.demo02;
import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.DriverManager;
import java.sql.SQLException;
import java.sql.Statement;
public class TestInsert {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Connection conn = null;
Statement statement = null;
try {
//1.注册驱动
Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");
//2.获取Connection对象
conn = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/db1","root","mysql");
//3.获取Statement对象
statement = conn.createStatement();
//4.定义sql
String sql = "insert into account values(null,'wangwu',500)";
//5.执行sql
int count = statement.executeUpdate(sql);
if (count > 0) {
System.out.println("添加成功!");
}else {
System.out.println("添加失败!");
}
} catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (SQLException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
//6.释放资源
if (statement != null) {
try {
statement.close();
} catch (SQLException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
if (conn != null) {
try {
conn.close();
} catch (SQLException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}
}
//JDBC练习:insert语句
package guli.zhu.demo02;
import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.DriverManager;
import java.sql.SQLException;
import java.sql.Statement;
public class TestUpdate {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Connection conn = null;
Statement statement = null;
try {
Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");
conn = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:mysql:///db1", "root", "mysql");
statement = conn.createStatement();
String sql = "update account set balance = 2000 where name = 'wangwu'";
int count = statement.executeUpdate(sql);
if (count > 0) {
System.out.println("修改成功!");
}else {
System.out.println("修改失败!");
}
} catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (SQLException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
if (conn != null) {
try {
conn.close();
} catch (SQLException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
if (statement != null) {
try {
statement.close();
} catch (SQLException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}
}
//JDBC练习:delete语句
package guli.zhu.demo02;
import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.DriverManager;
import java.sql.SQLException;
import java.sql.Statement;
public class TestDelete {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Connection conn = null;
Statement statement = null;
try {
Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");
conn = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:mysql:///db1", "root", "mysql");
statement = conn.createStatement();
String sql = "delete from account where name = 'wangwu'";
int count = statement.executeUpdate(sql);
if (count > 0) {
System.out.println("删除成功!");
} else {
System.out.println("删除失败!");
}
} catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (SQLException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
if (conn != null) {
try {
conn.close();
} catch (SQLException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
if (statement != null) {
try {
statement.close();
} catch (SQLException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}
}
//JDBC练习:select语句
//将查询的结果封装到集合中
package guli.zhu.demo02;
import java.util.Date;
public class Emp {
private int id;
private String ename;
private int job_id;
private int mgr;
private Date joindate;
private double salary;
private double bonus;
private int dept_id;
public Emp() {
}
public Emp(int id, String ename, int job_id, int mgr, Date joindate, double salary, double bonus, int dept_id) {
this.id = id;
this.ename = ename;
this.job_id = job_id;
this.mgr = mgr;
this.joindate = joindate;
this.salary = salary;
this.bonus = bonus;
this.dept_id = dept_id;
}
public int getId() {
return id;
}
public void setId(int id) {
this.id = id;
}
public String getEname() {
return ename;
}
public void setEname(String ename) {
this.ename = ename;
}
public int getJob_id() {
return job_id;
}
public void setJob_id(int job_id) {
this.job_id = job_id;
}
public int getMgr() {
return mgr;
}
public void setMgr(int mgr) {
this.mgr = mgr;
}
public Date getJoindate() {
return joindate;
}
public void setJoindate(Date joindate) {
this.joindate = joindate;
}
public double getSalary() {
return salary;
}
public void setSalary(double salary) {
this.salary = salary;
}
public double getBonus() {
return bonus;
}
public void setBonus(double bonus) {
this.bonus = bonus;
}
public int getDept_id() {
return dept_id;
}
public void setDept_id(int dept_id) {
this.dept_id = dept_id;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Emp{" +
"id=" + id +
", ename='" + ename + '\'' +
", job_id=" + job_id +
", mgr=" + mgr +
", joindate=" + joindate +
", salary=" + salary +
", bonus=" + bonus +
", dept_id=" + dept_id +
'}';
}
}
package guli.zhu.demo02;
import java.sql.*;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Date;
public class TestSelect {
public static void main(String[] args) {
ArrayList<Emp> list = TestSelect.findAll();
System.out.println(list);
System.out.println(list.size());
}
public static ArrayList<Emp> findAll(){
Connection conn = null;
Statement statement = null;
ResultSet rs = null;
ArrayList<Emp> list = new ArrayList<>();
try {
Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");
conn = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/db2", "root", "mysql");
statement = conn.createStatement();
String sql = "select * from emp";
rs = statement.executeQuery(sql);
while (rs.next()) {
int id = rs.getInt("id");
String ename = rs.getString("ename");
int job_id = rs.getInt("job_id");
int mgr = rs.getInt("mgr");
Date joindate = rs.getDate("joindate");
double salary = rs.getDouble("salary");
double bonus = rs.getDouble("bonus");
int dept_id = rs.getInt("dept_id");
Emp emp = new Emp(id,ename,job_id,mgr,joindate,salary,bonus,dept_id);
list.add(emp);
}
} catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (SQLException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
if (rs != null) {
try {
rs.close();
} catch (SQLException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
if (statement != null) {
try {
statement.close();
} catch (SQLException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
if (conn != null) {
try {
conn.close();
} catch (SQLException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
return list;
}
}
四、抽取JDBC工具类:JDBCUtils
1. 目的:简化书写
2. 分析:
- 抽取注册驱动
- 抽取获取连接对象的方法
- 需求:不传入参数,并且要保证工具类的通用性;
- 解决:使用配置文件。
- 抽取释放资源的方法
3. 实现
//配置文件 jdbc.properties
url=jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/db2
user=root
password=mysql
driver=com.mysql.jdbc.Driver
//工具类
package guli.zhu.demo03;
import java.io.FileReader;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.net.URL;
import java.sql.*;
import java.util.Properties;
public class JDBCUtils {
private static String url;
private static String user;
private static String password;
private static String driver;
static {
try {
Properties pro = new Properties();
//classloder 类加载器 可以获取文件路径
URL resource = JDBCUtils.class.getResource("jdbc.properties");
String path = resource.getPath();
//加载配置文件
pro.load(new FileReader(path));
url = pro.getProperty("url");
user = pro.getProperty("user");
password = pro.getProperty("password");
driver = pro.getProperty("driver");
//注册驱动
Class.forName(driver);
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
//抽取获取连接的方法
public static Connection getConnection() {
Connection conn = null;
try {
conn = DriverManager.getConnection(url,user,password);
} catch (SQLException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
return conn;
}
//抽取释放资源的方法
public static void close(Statement stmt, Connection conn) {
if (stmt != null) {
try {
stmt.close();
} catch (SQLException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
if (conn != null) {
try {
conn.close();
} catch (SQLException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
//抽取释放资源的方法
public static void close(ResultSet rs, Statement stmt, Connection conn) {
if (rs != null) {
try {
rs.close();
} catch (SQLException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
if (stmt != null) {
try {
stmt.close();
} catch (SQLException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
if (conn != null) {
try {
conn.close();
} catch (SQLException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}
//测试工具类
package guli.zhu.demo03;
import guli.zhu.demo02.Emp;
import guli.zhu.demo02.TestSelect;
import java.sql.*;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Date;
public class TestJDBCUtils {
public static void main(String[] args) {
ArrayList<Emp> list = TestSelect.findAll();
System.out.println(list);
System.out.println(list.size());
}
public static ArrayList<Emp> findAll(){
Connection conn = null;
Statement statement = null;
ResultSet rs = null;
ArrayList<Emp> list = new ArrayList<>();
try {
conn = JDBCUtils.getConnection();
statement = conn.createStatement();
String sql = "select * from emp";
rs = statement.executeQuery(sql);
while (rs.next()) {
int id = rs.getInt("id");
String ename = rs.getString("ename");
int job_id = rs.getInt("job_id");
int mgr = rs.getInt("mgr");
Date joindate = rs.getDate("joindate");
double salary = rs.getDouble("salary");
double bonus = rs.getDouble("bonus");
int dept_id = rs.getInt("dept_id");
Emp emp = new Emp(id,ename,job_id,mgr,joindate,salary,bonus,dept_id);
list.add(emp);
}
} catch (SQLException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
JDBCUtils.close(rs,statement,conn);
}
return list;
}
}
五、JDBC管理事务
- 事务:一个包含多个步骤的业务操作。如果这个业务操作被事务管理,则这多个步骤要么同时成功,要么同时失败。
- 操作:
- 开启事务
- 提交事务
- 回滚事务
- 使用Connection对象来管理事务
- 开启事务:
setAutoCommit(boolean autoCommit)
:调用该方法设置参数为false
,即开启事务- 在执行sql之前开启事务
- 提交事务:
commit()
- 当所有sql都执行完提交事务
- 回滚事务:
rollback()
- 在
catch
中回滚事务
- 在
- 开启事务: