C primer day6 循环

C控制语句：循环

再探while循环

#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
    long num;
    long sum = 0L;
    int status;
    printf("Please enter an  integer to be summed \n");
    printf("q to quit:");
    status =  scanf("%ld",&num);  //scanf函数返回读取值个数
    while (status == 1)
    {
        sum =  sum + num;
        printf("Please enter next integer (q to qiut): \n");
        status = scanf("%ld",&num);
    }
    printf("those integers sum to %ld.\n",sum);
    return 0;
}

while语句

while循环结构

终止while循环

为避免程序无限循环，必须让测试表达式的值有变化，达到循环终止的目的。

何时终止循环

#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
    int n = 5;
    while (n < 7)
    {
        printf("n = %d",n);
        n++;
        printf("Now n =%d\n",n);
    }
    printf("The loop has finished.\n");
    return 0;
}
n = 5Now n =6
n = 6Now n =7
The loop has finished.

while：入口条件循环

index = 10;
while (index < 5)    //index =3; 可以运行
printf("this is a single loop");

语法要点

#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
    int n = 0;
    while (n ++ <3);   //这里的分号将while语句限制住，直到循环结束才会执行下一条语句
    printf("n is %d\n",n);
    printf("That's all this program does.\n");
    return 0;
}
n is 4
That's all this program does.
//   不加分号  
n is 1
n is 2
n is 3
That's all this program does.

用关系运算符和表达式比较大小

关系运算符

运算符	含义
<	小于
<=	小于等于
==	等于
>=	大于等于
>	大于
!=	不等于

真值假值

#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
    int ture_val,false_val;
    ture_val = (10>2);
    false_val = (10 == 2);
    printf("true = %d; false = %d \n",ture_val,false_val);
    return 0;
}
true = 1; false = 0

其他真值

#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
    int n =3;
    while (n)
    printf("%2d is true\n",n--);
    printf("%2d is false\n",n);
    n = -3;
    while (n)
    printf("%2d is true\n",n++);
    printf("%2d is false\n",n);
    return 0;  
}
3 is true
 2 is true
 1 is true
 0 is false
-3 is true
-2 is true
-1 is true
 0 is false

新的_Bool类型

_Bool是C语言中布尔变量的类 型名。_Bool类型的变量只能储存1（真）或0（假）。如果把其他非零数值 赋给_Bool类型的变量，该变量会被设置为1。

_Bool input_is_good;

优先级和关系运算符

​ 关系运算符优先级比算术运算符低，比赋值运算符高。

运算符	结合律
()	自左往右
- + ++ – sizeof	自右往左
* /	自左往右
+ -	自左往右
< > <= >=	自左往右
== !=	自左往右
=	自右往左

不确定循环和技术循环

1.必须初始化计数器

2.计数器与有限的值作比较

3.每次循环时递增计数器

for循环

for形式：

for (initialize; test; update )
statement

initialize表达式在执行for语句之前只执行一次；然后对test表达式求值，如果表达式为真 （或非零），执行循环一次；接着对update表达式求值，并再次检查test表达 式。

for循环结构

for的灵活性

使用递减符

for (secs = 5; secs > 0; secs--)

递减/增间隔

for (n = 2; n < 60; n = n + 13)
for (debt = 100.0; debt < 150.0; debt = debt * 1.1)

字符代替数字

for (ch = 'a'; ch <= 'z'; ch++)

表达式任意合法

for (x = 1; y <= 75; y = (++x * 5) + 50) //第三个表达式可以不写 只要能终止
for (printf("Keep entering numbers!\n"); num != 6;)

其他赋值运算符

a +=20	a=a+20
b -= 20	b = b-20
c*=20	c = c*20
d/=2.7	d = d/2.7
e%=3	e = e%3

逗号运算符

逗号运算符把两个表达式连接成一个表达式，并保证最左边的表达式最先求值。

// 一类邮资
#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
    const int FIRST_OZ = 46;
    const int NEXT_OZ =20;
    int ounces,cost;
    printf("   ounces cost\n");
    for (ounces = 1,cost = FIRST_OZ; ounces <=16;ounces++,cost += NEXT_OZ)
    {
        printf("%5d  $%4.2f\n",ounces,cost/100.0);
    }
    return 0;
}

出口循环条件：do while

#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
    const int secret_code = 13;
    int code_entered;
    do
    {
        printf("To enter the triskaiphoboa therapy club,\n");
        printf("please enter the secret code number:");
        scanf("%d",&code_entered);
    } while (code_entered != secret_code);
    printf("Congratulations! you are cured!\n");
    return 0;
}

do while循环结构

嵌套循环

#include <stdio.h>
#define ROWS 6
#define CHARS 10
int main(){
    int row;
    char ch;
    for (row = 0; row < ROWS; row++)  //outer  lopp
    {
        for (ch = 'A'; ch < ('A'+CHARS); ch++)   //inner loop
        {
            printf("%c",ch);
        }
        printf("\n");
    }
    return 0;
}
ABCDEFGHIJ
ABCDEFGHIJ
ABCDEFGHIJ
ABCDEFGHIJ
ABCDEFGHIJ
ABCDEFGHIJ

变式

#include <stdio.h>
#define ROWS 6
#define CHARS 6
int main(){
    int row;
    char ch;
    for (row = 0; row < ROWS; row++)
    {
        for (ch = ('A'+row); ch < ('A'+CHARS); ch++)
        {
            printf("%c",ch);
        }
        printf("\n");
    }
    return 0;
}
ABCDEF
BCDEF
CDEF
DEF
EF
F

数组简介

数组是按顺序储存的一系列类型相同的值。整个数组有一个数组名，通过整数下标访问数组中单独的项或元素（element）。

//声明
float debts[20];   //20  ——>  数组元素个数
debts[0]=12.3;  //数组中第一个element
debts[19] = 57.8  //数组中最后一个element
debts[20] = 65.88  //数组元素不存在

字符数组

字符串

​ 用于识别数组元素的数字被称为下标（subscript）、索引（indice）或偏移量（offset）。下标必须是整数，而且要从0开始计数。

for 循环中使用数组

#include <stdio.h>
#define SIZE 10
#define PAR 72
int main(){
    int index,score[SIZE];
    int sum = 0;
    float avreage;
    printf("Enter %d golf scores:\n",SIZE);
    for (index = 0; index < SIZE; index++)
    {
        scanf("%d",&score[index]);   /* 注意使用& */
    }
    printf("The scores read in are as follw:\n");
    for (index = 0; index < SIZE; index++)
    {
        printf("%5d",score[index]);
    }
    printf("\n");
    for (index = 0; index < SIZE; index++)
    {
        sum += score[index];
    }
    avreage = (float)sum / SIZE;
    printf("Sum of scores = %d,average = %.2f\n",sum,avreage);
    printf("That's a handicap of %.0f.\n",avreage - PAR);
    return 0;
    
}

使用函数返回值的循环示例

#include <stdio.h>
double power(double n,int p);  //返回double类型值 第一个参数double类型第二个int类型
int main(){
    double x,xpow;
    int exp;
    printf("Enter a number and the positive integer power");
    printf("to which \n the number will be raised. Enter q");
    printf(" to quit.\n");
    while (scanf("%lf%d",&x,&exp) == 2)
    {
        xpow = power(x,exp);
        printf("%.3gto the power  %d is %.5g\n",x,exp,xpow);
        printf("Enter next pair of numbers or q to quit.\n");
    }
    printf("Hope you enjoyed this power trip -- bye!\n");
    return 0;
}
double power(double n,int p){
    double pow =1;
    int i;
    for ( i = 1; i <= p; i++)
    {
        pow *=n;
    }
    return pow;
}

复习题

使用嵌套循环，编写一个程序打印以下图案：

#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
    int i,j;
    for (i=0;i<4;i++)
    {
        for (j=0;j<8;j++)
        {
            printf("%$");
        }
        printf("\n");
    }
    return 0;
}

#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
    int k;
    for (k = 1, printf("%d: HI\n",k);printf("k = %d\n",k),k*k<26;k+=2,printf("now k is %d\n",k))
    printf("k is %d in the loop\n",k);
    return 0;
    
}
1: HI
k = 1
k is 1 in the loop
now k is 3
k = 3
k is 3 in the loop
now k is 5
k = 5
k is 5 in the loop
now k is 7
k = 7

编程练习