什么是Bean
Spring相当于一个 超级工厂,Bean就相当于工厂里每一个机器。Spring的 Ioc容器生产并管理Bean。因此如果我们想要在项目中使用这个工厂,就需要对Spring的配置文件进行配置。
Spring容器支持XML和Properties两种格式的配置文件,常见是使用前者。
在Spring容器中,XML配置 文件的根元素是< beans>,< beans>中包含多个< bean>,每一个< bean>就定义了一个Bean。
< bean >元素常用属性及子元素
Bean的实例化
Bean的实例化主要通过该Bean对应实现类的无参构造器来。
Course类
package club.johnny.polo;
public class Course {
private String courseName;
private int courseHour ;
public Course() {//此无参构造器必须存在 才能通过构造器实例化该Bean
}
public Course(String courseName, int courseHour) {
this.courseName = courseName;
this.courseHour = courseHour;
this.teacher = teacher;
}
public String getCourseName() {
return courseName;
}
public void setCourseName(String courseName) {
this.courseName = courseName;
}
public int getCourseHour() {
return courseHour;
}
public void setCourseHour(int courseHour) {
this.courseHour = courseHour;
}
}
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
https://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
http://www.springframework.org/schema/context
https://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd">
<bean id="courseDemo" class="club.johnny.polo.Course">
</bean>
</beans>
注意: 若想通过XML形式获取该类的实例化对象,则该类的无参构造器 必须存在,即 public Course() { }
Bean 的装配方式
Bean的装配方式也就是注入依赖。依赖注入作用就是在使用Spring 框架创建对象时,动态地将其所依赖的对象注入Bean组件中。
主要有以下三种方式:
一、基于XML配置
二、基于注解(最常用)
三、自动装配
基于XML配置
Spring提供了两种基于XML的装配:设值注入和构造注入。
1、 setter注入:通过setXxx()赋值注入被依赖的实例。通过调用无参的构造器实例化Bean,然后通过反射的方式ByName调用该Bean对象的setter方法实现setter方法的注入。因此设值注入必须满足以下两点要求:
- Bean的实现类必须提供一个默认的无参构造方法
- Bean的实现类必须为需注入的属性 提供setter方法
<bean id="bean的唯一标识" class="实现类" ...>
<property name="实体类的私有属性名">
....
</property>
</bean>
2、构造器注入:通过构造方法赋值
<bean id="bean的唯一标识" class="实现类" ...>
<constructor-arg value="值" type="实体类的私有属性类型" index="该属性在构造方法的下标索引" name="实体类的私有属性名"></constructor-arg>
....
<constructor-arg value="值" type="实体类的私有属性类型" index="该属性在构造方法的下标索引" name="实体类的私有属性名"></constructor-arg>
</bean>
如果 < constructor-arg >的顺序与构造方法参数的顺序不一致,则需要通过type或者index或name指定。
setter注入
以集合类为例
AllCollection类
package club.johnny.polo;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Properties;
import java.util.Set;
public class AllCollection {
private String [] arrayElement;
private Set<String> setElement;
private List<String> listElement;
private Map<String,String> mapElement;
private Properties propsElement ;
public Properties getPropsElement() {
return propsElement;
}
public void setPropsElement(Properties propsElement) {
this.propsElement = propsElement;
}
public void setListElement(List<String> listElement) {
this.listElement = listElement;
}
public String[] getArrayElement() {
return arrayElement;
}
public void setArrayElement(String[] arrayElement) {
this.arrayElement = arrayElement;
}
public Set<String> getSetElement() {
return setElement;
}
public void setSetElement(Set<String> setElement) {
this.setElement = setElement;
}
public List getListElement() {
return listElement;
}
public Map<String, String> getMapElement() {
return mapElement;
}
public void setMapElement(Map<String, String> mapElement) {
this.mapElement = mapElement;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
String s="";
for(String as:arrayElement)
s+=as+" ";
return "list:" + listElement.toString()+"\nset:"+setElement.toString()+"\nmap:"+ mapElement.toString()+"\narray:"+s+"\npropsElement:"+propsElement.toString();
}
}
applicationContext.xml配置文件
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
https://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
http://www.springframework.org/schema/context
https://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd">
<bean id="collectionDemo" class="club.johnny.polo.AllCollection">
<property name="listElement">
<list>
<value>苹果</value>
<value>香蕉</value>
<value>水蜜桃</value>
</list>
</property>
<property name="setElement">
<set>
<value>苹果2</value>
<value>香蕉2</value>
<value>水蜜桃2</value>
</set>
</property>
<property name="mapElement">
<map>
<entry>
<key><value>apple</value></key>
<value>苹果3</value>
</entry>
<entry>
<key><value>banana</value></key>
<value>香蕉3</value>
</entry>
<entry>
<key><value>peach</value></key>
<value>水蜜桃3</value>
</entry>
</map>
</property>
<property name="arrayElement">
<array>
<value>苹果4</value>
<value>香蕉4</value>
<value>水蜜桃4</value>
</array>
</property>
<property name="propsElement">
<props>
<prop key="apple5">苹果5</prop>
<prop key="banana5">香蕉5</prop>
<prop key="peach5">水蜜桃5</prop>
</props>
</property>
</bean>
</beans>
注意:
set、list、数组 各自都有自己的标签 ,但是也可以用< list> 代替以上三种。
构造器注入
Course类
package club.johnny.polo;
public class Course {
private String courseName;
private int courseHour ;
private Teacher teacher ;//授课老师 ,依赖于Teacher
public Course() {
}
public Course(Teacher teacher) {
this.teacher = teacher;
}
public Course(String courseName, int courseHour, Teacher teacher) {
this.courseName = courseName;
this.courseHour = courseHour;
this.teacher = teacher;
}
public String getCourseName() {
return courseName;
}
public void setCourseName(String courseName) {
this.courseName = courseName;
}
public int getCourseHour() {
return courseHour;
}
public void setCourseHour(int courseHour) {
this.courseHour = courseHour;
}
public Teacher getTeacher() {
return teacher;
}
public void setTeacher(Teacher teacher) {
this.teacher = teacher;
}
public void showInfo() {
System.out.println(this.courseName+","+this.courseHour+","+this.teacher.getName());
}
}
Teacher类
package club.johnny.polo;
public class Teacher {
private String name;
private int age ;
public Teacher() {
}
public Teacher(int age) {
this.age = age;
}
public Teacher(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
/*
public Teacher(String name, int age) {
this.name = name;
this.age = age;
}
*/
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public int getAge() {
return age;
}
public void setAge(int age) {
this.age = age;
}
}
test测试类
package club.johnny.test;
import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext;
import club.johnny.polo.Course;
import club.johnny.polo.AllCollection;
public class Test {
public static void testConstructor() {
ApplicationContext context = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("applicationContext.xml");
Course course =(Course) context.getBean("courseDemo");
course.showInfo();
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
testConstructor();
}
}
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
https://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
http://www.springframework.org/schema/context
https://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd">
<!-- 构造器 注入 -->
<bean id="myteacher" class="club.johnny.polo.Teacher">
<!-- 通过私有属性名指定 -->
<constructor-arg name="name" value="johnnylin"></constructor-arg>
</bean>
<bean id="courseDemo" class="club.johnny.polo.Course">
<!-- 可以严格按照构造器的顺序也可以 -->
<constructor-arg index="0" value="java语言"></constructor-arg>
<constructor-arg index="1" value="15"></constructor-arg>
<constructor-arg name="teacher" ref="myteacher"></constructor-arg>
</bean>
</beans>
几种特殊值的赋值
给对象类型赋值为null,注意没有子标签< value >
<property name="属性名">
<null/>
</property>
给属性赋值为 “”
<property name="类的私有属性名" value="">
</property>
或者
<property name="类的私有属性名" >
<value></value>
</property>
总结:
IOC容器赋值:如果是简单类型(8个基本+String),则使用
< property name="" value="8个基本数据类型"> < /property>
如果是对象类型,ref=“需要引用的id值”,因此实现了 对象与对象之间的依赖关系
<property name="" ref="需要引用的id值""> </property>
基于注解方式
Spring中定义了一系列的注解,常用的有以下:
注解 | 作用层/作用 |
---|---|
三层组件 | |
@Repository | Dao层 |
@Service | Service层 |
@Controller | Controller层 |
@Component | 当不知道该类属于三层的那一层 时,可以使用@Component代替 |
@AutoWired | 用于对Bean的属性变量、属性的setter方法及构造方法进行标注完成自动装配,默认按Bean的类型进行装配 |
@Qualifier | 与@AutoWired配合使用,会将默认的按Bean类型装配改为按名装配 |
@Resource | 与@AutoWired注解功能一致,name参数指定属性名,type参数指定属性类型,默认name,不匹配再type |
Student实体类
package club.johnny.polo;
import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext;
public class Student {
private int stuNo ;
private String stuName ;
private int stuAge ;
public int getStuNo() {
return stuNo;
}
public void setStuNo(int stuNo) {
this.stuNo = stuNo;
}
public String getStuName() {
return stuName;
}
public void setStuName(String stuName) {
this.stuName = stuName;
}
public int getStuAge() {
return stuAge;
}
public void setStuAge(int stuAge) {
this.stuAge = stuAge;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return this.stuNo+","+this.stuName+","+this.stuAge;
}
}
IStudent接口
package club.johnny.dao;
import club.johnny.polo.Student;
public interface IStudentDao {
public void addStudent(Student student);
}
IStudent接口的实现类StudentDao
package club.johnny.dao.impl;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Repository;
import club.johnny.dao.IStudentDao;
import club.johnny.polo.Student;
//相当于在XML:<bean id="studentDao" class="club.johnny.dao.impl.StudentDaoImpl"></bean>
@Repository("studentDao")
public class StudentDaoImpl implements IStudentDao {
public void addStudent(Student student) {
System.out.println("调用dao层,添加学生……");
}
}
IStudentService 接口
package club.johnny.service;
import club.johnny.polo.Student;
public interface IStudentService {
public void addStudent(Student student);
}
IStudentService 实现类StudentServiceImpl
package club.johnny.service.impl;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Qualifier;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
import club.johnny.dao.impl.StudentDaoImpl;
import club.johnny.polo.Student;
import club.johnny.service.IStudentService;
相当于在XML:<bean id="studentService" class="club.johnny.service.impl.StudentServiceImpl"></bean>
@Service("studentService")
public class StudentServiceImpl implements IStudentService{
// @Resource("studentDao") 与下面两句效果等效
//相当于<property name="studentDao" ref="studentDao"></property>
// @Autowired
// @Qualifier(value="studentDao") //@Qualifier的value参数指定按值装配
@Autowired //@Autowired默认按类型装配
private StudentDaoImpl studentDao;
public void addStudent(Student student) {
this.studentDao.addStudent(student);
System.out.println("调用service层,添加学生……");
}
}
注意: 基于注解方式装配要在配置文件applicationContext.xml中配置扫描器
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
https://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
http://www.springframework.org/schema/context
https://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd">
<!-- 配置扫描器 -->
<context:component-scan base-package="club.johnny"></context:component-scan>
</beans>
test测试类
package club.johnny.test;
import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext;
import club.johnny.polo.Course;
import club.johnny.polo.Student;
import club.johnny.dao.impl.StudentDaoImpl;
import club.johnny.polo.AllCollection;
public class Test {
public static void testAnnotation() {
ApplicationContext context = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("applicationContext.xml");
StudentServiceImpl studentService = (StudentServiceImpl)context.getBean("studentService");
studentService.addStudent(new Student());
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
testAnnotation();
}
}
结果:
自动装配
在applicationContext.xml文件中
<bean ... class="" autowire="byName|byType|constructor|no" > </bean>
属性值 | 含义 |
---|---|
byName | 根据名称自动装配,自动寻找容器中其他bean的id值等于该实现类属性的 |
byType | 根据类型自动装配,自动寻找容器中其他bean的类型值与该实现类属性的类型相同的 |
constructor | 根据构造函数进行byType自动装配 |
no | 在默认情况下不使用自动装配,Bean依赖注入必须通过ref实现 |
可以在全局区设置
default-autowire=“byName|byType”