【c++】求正方形形、长方形、圆形的周长和面积

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已于 2022-08-04 10:14:30 修改

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分类专栏： c/c++学习文章标签： c++ 蓝桥杯开发语言面试

于 2022-08-03 21:11:08 首次发布

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【问题描述】用c++实现求正方形、长方形、圆形的面积和周长，要求使用派生和继承

【编译环境】 ubuntu20.04 g++

【实现思路】使用c++的多态与继承，基类是形状类，重写求周长和面积函数，实现多态。但是要注意到长方形需要两个参数，圆形和正方形一个参数即可。结合虚函数和函数重载实现，代码如下。

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;
#define PI 3.14159

class Shape
{
public:
    virtual void area(int w) = 0;  //纯虚函数
    virtual void grith(int w) = 0; //纯虚函数
    virtual void grith(int w, int h) =0; //函数重载
    virtual void area(int w, int h) =0;     //函数重载

};
class Rectangle : public Shape //长方形
{
public:
    void area(int w){};
    void grith(int w){};
    void grith(int w, int h) 
    {
        cout << "长方形状周长为:" << (w + h) * 2 << endl;
    };
    void area(int w, int h) 
    {
        cout << "长方形状面积为:" << w * h << endl;
    };
};
class Square : public Shape //正方形
{
public:
    void area(int w,int h){};
    void grith(int w,int h){};
    void area(int w)
    {
        cout << "正方形面积" << w * w << endl;
    };
    void grith(int w)
    {
        cout << "正方形周长" << w * 4 << endl;
    };
};
class Circular : public Shape //圆形
{
public:
    void area(int w,int h){};
    void grith(int w,int h){};
    void area(int w)
    {
        cout << "圆形面积：" << w * w * PI << endl;
        ;
    };
    void grith(int w)
    {
        cout << "圆形周长" << w * 2 * PI << endl;
    };
};

int main()
{
    Shape *shape01;
    Shape *shape02;
    Shape *shape03;
    Rectangle rectangle;
    Square square;
    Circular circular;

    shape01 = &rectangle;
    shape01->area(3, 4);
    shape01->grith(3, 4);

    shape02 = &square;
    shape02->area(2);
    shape02->grith(2);

    shape03 = &circular;
    shape03->area(2);
    shape03->grith(2);
    return 0;
}

输出结果：

【存在的问题】重载了虚函数，纯虚函数需要在每一个子类中实现，若有一个子类忘记实现，则会编译报错，有点复杂。下面是改进后的方法，在调用子类构造函数时，把长宽传进去，基类只有面积和周长这两个接口，在子类中进行了重载。编程传参一般放在初始化即构造函数初始化（个人理解）

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;
#define PI 3.14159

class Shape
{
public:
    virtual void area() = 0;  //纯虚函数
    virtual void grith() = 0; //纯虚函数
    Shape()
    {
        cout << "Shape构造函数" << endl;
    }
    virtual ~Shape() { cout << "析构Shape" << endl; }
};
class Rectangle : public Shape //长方形
{
public:
    Rectangle(int x, int y)
    {
        cout << "构造函数"
             << "Rectangle：长 " << x << " 宽 " << y << endl;
        w = x;
        h = y;
    };
    ~Rectangle() { cout << "析构Rectangle" << endl; }
    void grith()
    {
        cout << "长方形状周长为:" << (w + h) * 2 << endl;
    };
    void area()
    {
        cout << "长方形状面积为:" << w * h << endl;
    };

private:
    int w, h;
};
class Square : public Shape //正方形
{
public:
    Square(int x)
    {
        cout << "构造函数"
             << "Square 宽：" << x << endl;
        w = x;
    };
    ~Square() { cout << "析构Square" << endl; }
    void area()
    {
        cout << "正方形面积" << w * w << endl;
    };
    void grith()
    {
        cout << "正方形周长" << w * 4 << endl;
    };

private:
    int w;
};
class Circular : public Shape //圆形
{
public:
    Circular(int x)
    {
        cout << "构造函数"
             << "Circular 半径： " << x << endl;
        w = x;
    };
    ~Circular() { cout << "析构Circular" << endl; }
    void area()
    {
        cout << "圆形面积：" << w * w * PI << endl;
        ;
    };
    void grith()
    {
        cout << "圆形周长" << w * 2 * PI << endl;
    };

private:
    int w;
};

int main()
{
    Shape *shape01;
 
    Rectangle rectangle(3, 4);
    Square square(4);
    Circular circular(4);

    shape01 = &rectangle;
    shape01->area();
    shape01->grith();

    shape01 = &square;
    shape01->area();
    shape01->grith();

    shape01 = &circular;
    shape01->area();
    shape01->grith();
    return 0;
}

【构造与析构顺序】构造时，先调用基类的构造函数，再调用子类的构造函数；析构时相反，先调用子类的析构函数，再调用父类的析构函数

【析构函数写成虚函数】如果基类的析构函数不写成虚函数，则在函数结束时，只会调用子类的析构函数，不会调用父类的析构函数，在程序运行结束时，编译器会调用父类的析构函数