日撸代码300行学习笔记 Day 38

1. Dijkstra 算法

Dijkstra算法是求起点到所有顶点间最短路径的一个算法，其思想是由贪心思想实现。主要特点就是以起点作为中心，逐渐向外层节点进行扩散，直到所有节点全部走完。曾经在一些数学建模题里面，经常会用到这个算法，这也是最基础最经典的一个算法，在很多课程里面都有讲解，例如数据结构，图论等。

2. prim算法

Prim算法从任意一个顶点开始，每次选择一个与当前顶点集最近的一个顶点，并将两顶点之间的边加入到树中。其思想也是属于贪心，这个相较于Dijkstra要简单一些。

3.代码

实际上31天和38天的代码，在那次做39天的代码时就已经学习过，这一次看起来要相对快一些了。

package graph;

import java.util.Arrays;

/**
 * Weighted graphs are called nets.
 * 
 * @author Fan Min minfanphd@163.com.
 */
public class Net {

	/**
	 * 最大距离. Do not use Integer.MAX_VALUE.
	 */
	public static final int MAX_DISTANCE = 10000;

	/**
	 * 节点数量
	 */
	int numNodes;

	/**
	 * 直接使用int来表示矩阵的权重，权重矩阵
	 */
	IntMatrix weightMatrix;

	/**
	 *********************
	 * The first constructor.
	 * 
	 * @param paraNumNodes 节点数
	 *********************
	 */
	public Net(int paraNumNodes) {
		numNodes = paraNumNodes;
		weightMatrix = new IntMatrix(numNodes, numNodes);
		for (int i = 0; i < numNodes; i++) {
			// For better readability, you may need to write fill() in class
			// IntMatrix.
			//将矩阵全部置为最大值
			Arrays.fill(weightMatrix.getData()[i], MAX_DISTANCE);
		} // Of for i
	}// Of the first constructor

	/**
	 *********************
	 * The second constructor.
	 * 
	 * @param paraMatrix The data matrix.
	 *********************
	 */
	public Net(int[][] paraMatrix) {
		weightMatrix = new IntMatrix(paraMatrix);
		numNodes = weightMatrix.getRows();
	}// Of the second constructor

	/**
	 *********************
	 * Overrides the method claimed in Object, the superclass of any class.
	 *********************
	 */
	public String toString() {
		String resultString = "This is the weight matrix of the graph.\r\n" + weightMatrix;
		return resultString;
	}// Of toString

	/**
	 *********************
	 * The Dijkstra algorithm: shortest path from the source to all nodes.
	 * 
	 * @param paraSource The source node.
	 * @return The distances to all nodes.
	 *********************
	 */
	public int[] dijkstra(int paraSource) {
		// Step 1. Initialize.
		int[] tempDistanceArray = new int[numNodes];
		for (int i = 0; i < numNodes; i++) {
			tempDistanceArray[i] = weightMatrix.getValue(paraSource, i);
		} // Of for i

		int[] tempParentArray = new int[numNodes];
		Arrays.fill(tempParentArray, paraSource);
		// -1 for no parent.
		tempParentArray[paraSource] = -1;

		// Visited nodes will not be considered further.
		boolean[] tempVisitedArray = new boolean[numNodes];
		tempVisitedArray[paraSource] = true;

		// Step 2. Main loops.
		int tempMinDistance;
		int tempBestNode = -1;
		for (int i = 0; i < numNodes - 1; i++) {
			// Step 2.1 Find out the best next node.
			tempMinDistance = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
			for (int j = 0; j < numNodes; j++) {
				// This node is visited.
				if (tempVisitedArray[j]) {
					continue;
				} // Of if

				if (tempMinDistance > tempDistanceArray[j]) {
					tempMinDistance = tempDistanceArray[j];
					tempBestNode = j;
				} // Of if
			} // Of for j

			tempVisitedArray[tempBestNode] = true;

			// Step 2.2 Prepare for the next round.
			for (int j = 0; j < numNodes; j++) {
				// This node is visited.
				if (tempVisitedArray[j]) {
					continue;
				} // Of if

				// This node cannot be reached.
				if (weightMatrix.getValue(tempBestNode, j) >= MAX_DISTANCE) {
					continue;
				} // Of if

				if (tempDistanceArray[j] > tempDistanceArray[tempBestNode] + weightMatrix.getValue(tempBestNode, j)) {
					// Change the distance.
					tempDistanceArray[j] = tempDistanceArray[tempBestNode] + weightMatrix.getValue(tempBestNode, j);
					// Change the parent.
					tempParentArray[j] = tempBestNode;
				} // Of if
			} // Of for j

			// For test
			System.out.println("The distance to each node: " + Arrays.toString(tempDistanceArray));
			System.out.println("The parent of each node: " + Arrays.toString(tempParentArray));
		} // Of for i

		// Step 3. Output for debug.
		System.out.println("Finally");
		System.out.println("The distance to each node: " + Arrays.toString(tempDistanceArray));
		System.out.println("The parent of each node: " + Arrays.toString(tempParentArray));
		return tempDistanceArray;
	}// Of dijkstra

	/**
	 *********************
	 * The minimal spanning tree.
	 * 
	 * @return The total cost of the tree.
	 *********************
	 */
	public int prim() {
		// Step 1. Initialize.
		// Any node can be the source.
		int tempSource = 0;
		int[] tempDistanceArray = new int[numNodes];
		for (int i = 0; i < numNodes; i++) {
			tempDistanceArray[i] = weightMatrix.getValue(tempSource, i);
		} // Of for i

		int[] tempParentArray = new int[numNodes];
		Arrays.fill(tempParentArray, tempSource);
		// -1 for no parent.
		tempParentArray[tempSource] = -1;

		// Visited nodes will not be considered further.
		boolean[] tempVisitedArray = new boolean[numNodes];
		tempVisitedArray[tempSource] = true;

		// Step 2. Main loops.
		int tempMinDistance;
		int tempBestNode = -1;
		for (int i = 0; i < numNodes - 1; i++) {
			// Step 2.1 Find out the best next node.
			tempMinDistance = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
			for (int j = 0; j < numNodes; j++) {
				// This node is visited.
				if (tempVisitedArray[j]) {
					continue;
				} // Of if

				if (tempMinDistance > tempDistanceArray[j]) {
					tempMinDistance = tempDistanceArray[j];
					tempBestNode = j;
				} // Of if
			} // Of for j

			tempVisitedArray[tempBestNode] = true;

			// Step 2.2 Prepare for the next round.
			for (int j = 0; j < numNodes; j++) {
				// This node is visited.
				if (tempVisitedArray[j]) {
					continue;
				} // Of if

				// This node cannot be reached.
				if (weightMatrix.getValue(tempBestNode, j) >= MAX_DISTANCE) {
					continue;
				} // Of if

				// Attention: the difference from the Dijkstra algorithm.
				if (tempDistanceArray[j] > weightMatrix.getValue(tempBestNode, j)) {
					// Change the distance.
					tempDistanceArray[j] = weightMatrix.getValue(tempBestNode, j);
					// Change the parent.
					tempParentArray[j] = tempBestNode;
				} // Of if
			} // Of for j

			// For test
			System.out.println("The selected distance for each node: " + Arrays.toString(tempDistanceArray));
			System.out.println("The parent of each node: " + Arrays.toString(tempParentArray));
		} // Of for i

		int resultCost = 0;
		for (int i = 0; i < numNodes; i++) {
			resultCost += tempDistanceArray[i];
		} // Of for i

		// Step 3. Output for debug.
		System.out.println("Finally");
		System.out.println("The parent of each node: " + Arrays.toString(tempParentArray));
		System.out.println("The total cost: " + resultCost);

		return resultCost;
	}// Of prim

	/**
	 *********************
	 * Critical path. Net validity checks such as loop check not implemented. The
	 * source should be 0 and the destination should be n-1.
	 *
	 * @return The node sequence of the path.
	 *********************
	 */
	public boolean[] criticalPath() 
	{
		// One more value to save simple computation.
		int tempValue;

		// Step 1. 每个节点的入度
		int[] tempInDegrees = new int[numNodes];
		for (int i = 0; i < numNodes; i++) {
			for (int j = 0; j < numNodes; j++) {
				if (weightMatrix.getValue(i, j) != -1) {
					tempInDegrees[j]++;
				} // Of if
			} // Of for j
		} // Of for i
		System.out.println("In-degree of nodes: " + Arrays.toString(tempInDegrees));

		// Step 2. 拓扑排序
		int[] tempEarliestTimeArray = new int[numNodes];
		//找到入度为0的点
		for (int i = 0; i < numNodes; i++) {
			// This node cannot be removed.
			if (tempInDegrees[i] > 0) {
				continue;
			} // Of if

			System.out.println("Removing " + i);

			for (int j = 0; j < numNodes; j++) {
				if (weightMatrix.getValue(i, j) != -1) 
				{
					tempValue = tempEarliestTimeArray[i] + weightMatrix.getValue(i, j);//最早发生时间+事件权值
					if (tempEarliestTimeArray[j] < tempValue) 
					{
						tempEarliestTimeArray[j] = tempValue;
					} // Of if
					tempInDegrees[j]--;
				} // Of if
			} // Of for j
		} // Of for i

		System.out.println("Earlest start time: " + Arrays.toString(tempEarliestTimeArray));
		
		//利用逆拓扑排序来找最晚开始时间
		// Step 3. 每个节点的出度.
		int[] tempOutDegrees = new int[numNodes];
		for (int i = 0; i < numNodes; i++) {
			for (int j = 0; j < numNodes; j++) {
				if (weightMatrix.getValue(i, j) != -1) {
					tempOutDegrees[i]++;
				} // Of if
			} // Of for j
		} // Of for i
		System.out.println("Out-degree of nodes: " + Arrays.toString(tempOutDegrees));

		// Step 4.逆拓扑排序
		int[] tempLatestTimeArray = new int[numNodes];
		for (int i = 0; i < numNodes; i++) {
			//将最晚开始时间的数组，全部初始化为最大值，因为他这个是减前面的边
			tempLatestTimeArray[i] = tempEarliestTimeArray[numNodes - 1];
		} // Of for i

		for (int i = numNodes - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
			// This node cannot be removed.
			if (tempOutDegrees[i] > 0) {
				continue;
			} // Of if

			System.out.println("Removing " + i);

			for (int j = 0; j < numNodes; j++) {
				if (weightMatrix.getValue(j, i) != -1) {
					tempValue = tempLatestTimeArray[i] - weightMatrix.getValue(j, i);
					if (tempLatestTimeArray[j] > tempValue) {
						tempLatestTimeArray[j] = tempValue;
					} // Of if
					tempOutDegrees[j]--;
					System.out.println("The out-degree of " + j + " decreases by 1.");
				} // Of if
			} // Of for j
		} // Of for i

		System.out.println("Latest start time: " + Arrays.toString(tempLatestTimeArray));
		
		
		boolean[] resultCriticalArray = new boolean[numNodes];
		for (int i = 0; i < numNodes; i++) {
			if (tempEarliestTimeArray[i] == tempLatestTimeArray[i]) {
				resultCriticalArray[i] = true;
			} // Of if
		} // Of for i

		System.out.println("Critical array: " + Arrays.toString(resultCriticalArray));
		System.out.print("Critical nodes: ");
		for (int i = 0; i < numNodes; i++) {
			if (resultCriticalArray[i]) {
				System.out.print(" " + i);
			} // Of if
		} // Of for i
		//System.out.println();

		return resultCriticalArray;
	}// Of criticalPath

	/**
	 *********************
	 * The entrance of the program.
	 * 
	 * @param args Not used now.
	 *********************
	 */
	public static void main(String args[]) {
			Net tempNet0 = new Net(3);
			System.out.println(tempNet0);

			int[][] tempMatrix1 = { { 0, 9, 3, 6 }, { 5, 0, 2, 4 }, { 3, 2, 0, 1 }, { 2, 8, 7, 0 } };
			Net tempNet1 = new Net(tempMatrix1);
			System.out.println(tempNet1);

			// Dijkstra
			tempNet1.dijkstra(1);

			// An undirected net is required.
			int[][] tempMatrix2 = { { 0, 7, MAX_DISTANCE, 5, MAX_DISTANCE }, { 7, 0, 8, 9, 7 },
					{ MAX_DISTANCE, 8, 0, MAX_DISTANCE, 5 }, { 5, 9, MAX_DISTANCE, 0, 15 },
					{ MAX_DISTANCE, 7, 5, 15, 0 } };
			Net tempNet2 = new Net(tempMatrix2);
			tempNet2.prim();
		/**	
		// A directed net without loop is required.
		// Node cannot reach itself. It is indicated by -1.
		int[][] tempMatrix3 = { { -1, 3, 2, -1, -1, -1 }, { -1, -1, -1, 2, 3, -1 }, { -1, -1, -1, 4, -1, 3 },
				{ -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, 2 }, { -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, 1 }, { -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 } };

		Net tempNet3 = new Net(tempMatrix3);
		System.out.println("-------critical path");
		tempNet3.criticalPath();
		*/
	}// Of main
}// Of class Net

4.总结

这两个求最短路径的算法都是非常非常经典的算法，手动将Dijkstra改成prim仔细一点还是能实现，两个代码相似程度非常之高，更改的仅是比较的判断条件，这也是两个算法在代码上面区别所在。