连接查询
含义:又称多表查询,当查询的字段来自于多个表时,救护用到连接查询
笛卡尔乘积现象:表1有M行,表2有N行,结果=M*N行
select name,boyname from boys,beauty
发生原因:没有有效的连接条件
如何避免:添加有效的连接条件
select name,boyname from boys,beauty
WHERE beauty.boyfriend_id = boys.id;
分类:
按年代分类:
sql92标准:仅仅支持内连接
sql99标准【推荐】:支持内连接+外连接(左外和右外)+交叉连接
按功能分类: 内连接: 等值连接 非等值连接 自连接 外连接: 左连接 右连接 全外连接 交叉连接
USE girls;
SELECT * from beauty;
SELECT * FROM boys;
一、sql92标准
1.等值连接
1.多表等值连接的结果为多表的交集部分
2.N表连接,至少需要N-1个连接条件
3.多表的顺序没有要求
4.一般需要为表起别名
5.可以搭配前面介绍的所有子句使用,比如排序、分组、筛选
#案例1:查询女神名和对应男神名
select name,boyname from boys,beauty
WHERE beauty.boyfriend_id = boys.id;
#案例2:查询员工名和对应的部门名
USE myemployees;
SELECT last_name,department_name
FROM employees,departments
WHERE employees.department_id = departments.department_id;
为表起别名
提高语句的简洁度
区分多个重名的字段
注意:如果为表起别名,则查询的字段就不能使用原来的表名去限定
#查询员工名、工种好、工种名
SELECT
last_name,
e.job_id,
job_title
FROM
employees AS e,
jobs j
WHERE
e.job_id = j.job_id;
两个表的顺序是否可以调换
#查询员工名、工种好、工种名
SELECT
last_name,
e.job_id,
job_title
FROM
jobs j,
employees AS e
WHERE
e.job_id = j.job_id;
加筛选
#案例1:查询有奖金的员工名、部门名
SELECT
last_name,
department_name
FROM
departments d,
employees e
WHERE
d.department_id = e.department_id
AND e.commission_pct IS NOT NULL;
#查询城市名中第二个字符为o的部门名和城市名
SELECT
department_name,
city
from
departments d,
locations l
WHERE
d.location_id=l.location_id
AND l.city LIKE '_o%';
加分组
#案例1:查询每个城市部门个数
SELECT
COUNT(*) 个数,
city
FROM
departments d,
locations l
WHERE
d.location_id=l.location_id
GROUP BY
l.city;
#案例2:查询有奖金的每个部门名和部门的领导编号和该部门的最低工资
SELECT
d.department_name,
d.manager_id,
MIN(e.salary)
from
departments d,
employees e
WHERE
d.department_id=e.department_id
AND e.commission_pct IS NOT NULL
GROUP BY
d.department_name,d.manager_id;
加排序
#查询每个工种的工种名和员工的个数,并且按员工个数降序
SELECT
job_title,
COUNT(*)
from
employees e,
jobs j
WHERE
e.job_id=j.job_id
GROUP BY
job_title
ORDER BY
COUNT(*) DESC;
实现三表连接
#案例:查询员工名,部门名和所在城市
SELECT
last_name,
department_name,
city
from
employees e,
locations l,
departments d
WHERE
e.department_id=d.department_id
AND d.location_id=l.location_id
AND city LIKE 's%';
2.非等值连接
#建立等级表
CREATE TABLE job_grades
(grade_level VARCHAR(3),
lowest_sal INT,
highest_sal INT);
INSERT INTO job_grades VALUES ('A',1000,2999);
INSERT INTO job_grades VALUES ('B',3000,5999);
INSERT INTO job_grades VALUES ('C',6000,9999);
INSERT INTO job_grades VALUES ('D',10000,14999);
INSERT INTO job_grades VALUES ('E',15000,24999);
INSERT INTO job_grades VALUES ('F',25000,40000);
#案例1:查询员工的工资和工资级别
SELECT
salary,
grade_level
FROM
employees e,
job_grades jg
WHERE
salary BETWEEN jg.lowest_sal AND highest_sal;
3.自连接
#案例:查询员工名和上级的名称
SELECT
e.employee_id 员工ID,
e.last_name 员工名,
m.employee_id 领导ID,
m.last_name 领导名
from
employees e,
employees m
WHERE
e.manager_id=m.employee_id
#--------------------------------练习---------------------------------
#1.显示员工表的最大工资,工资平均值
SELECT
MAX(salary),
AVG(salary)
FROM
employees;
#2.查询员工表employee_id,job_id,last_name,按department_id降序,salary升序
SELECT
employee_id,
job_id,
last_name
FROM
employees
ORDER BY
department_id desc,
salary asc;
#3.查询员工表的job_id中包含a和e的,并且a在e前面
SELECT
job_id
FROM
employees
WHERE
job_id LIKE '%a%e%';
#4.显示当前的日期,以及去前后空格,截取字符串的函数
SELECT NOW();
SELECT TRIM([remstr FROM] str);
SELECT SUBSTR(str FROM pos FOR len)
#---------------------------------------------------------------------
二、sql99
语法:
SELECT 查询列表 FROM 表1 别名 【连接类型】 jion 表2 别名 on 连接条件 【WHERE 筛选条件】 【group by 分组】 【having 筛选条件】 【order by 排序列表】
内连接(*) inner
外连接左外(*) left 【outer】 右外(*) right 【outer】 全外 full 【outer】
交叉连接 CROSS
一、内连接
语法:
SELECT 查询列表 FROM 表1 别名 inner jion 表2 别名 on 连接条件
分类:
等值
非等值
自连接特点:
1.添加排序、分组、筛选
2.inner可以省略
3.筛选条件放在where后面,连接条件放在on后面,提高分离性,便于阅读
4.inner join连接和sql92语法中的等值连接效果一样,都是查询多表的交集
1.等值连接
#案例1.查询员工名、部门名
SELECT
last_name,
department_name
FROM
departments d INNER JOIN employees e ON e.department_id = d.department_id;
#案例2.查询名字中包含e的员工名和工种名(添加筛选)
SELECT
last_name,
job_title
FROM
employees e INNER JOIN jobs j on e.job_id=j.job_id
WHERE
e.last_name LIKE '%e%';
#案例3.查询部门个数>3的城市名和部门个数(分组+筛选)
SELECT
city,
COUNT(*) 个数
FROM
departments d INNER JOIN locations l on d.location_id=l.location_id
GROUP BY city
HAVING COUNT(*)>3;
#案例4.查询那个部门的员工个数>3的部门名和员工个数,并按个数降序(添加排序)
SELECT
department_name,
COUNT(*) 员工个数
FROM
departments d INNER JOIN employees e on d.department_id=e.department_id
GROUP BY department_name
HAVING COUNT(*) > 3
ORDER BY COUNT(*) DESC;
#案例5.查询员工名、部门工种名并按部门名排序(三表连接)
SELECT
last_name,
department_name,
job_title
FROM
employees e
INNER JOIN departments d ON e.department_id=d.department_id
INNER JOIN jobs j ON e.job_id=j.job_id
order by department_name DESC;
2.非等值连接
#案例1.查询员工的工资级别
SELECT
salary,
grade_level
FROM
employees e
JOIN job_grades g on e.salary BETWEEN g.lowest_sal and g.highest_sal;
#案例2.查询工资级别的个数>20的个数,并且按工资级别降序
SELECT
COUNT(*),
grade_level
FROM
employees e
JOIN job_grades g on e.salary BETWEEN g.lowest_sal and g.highest_sal
group by grade_level
HAVING COUNT(*)>20
ORDER BY grade_level desc;
3.自连接
#案例1:查询员工名和上级的名称
SELECT
e.employee_id 员工ID,
e.last_name 员工名,
m.employee_id 领导ID,
m.last_name 领导名
from
employees e
JOIN
employees m
on
e.manager_id=m.employee_id;
#案例2:查询姓名中包含k的员工名和上级的名称
SELECT
e.employee_id 员工ID,
e.last_name 员工名,
m.employee_id 领导ID,
m.last_name 领导名
from
employees e
JOIN
employees m
on
e.manager_id=m.employee_id
WHERE
e.last_name LIKE '%k%';
二、外连接
应用场景:用于查询一个表中有,另一个表中没有的记录
特点:1.外连接的查询结果为主表中的所有记录
如果从表中有和他匹配的,则显示匹配的值
如果从表中没有的和他匹配的,则显示NULL
外连接查询结果=内连接+主表中有而从表没有的记录
2.左外连接:left join 左边的是主表
右外连接:right join 右边的是主表
3.左外和右外交换两个表的顺序,可以实现同样的效果
4.全外连接=内连接的结果+表1中有但表2没有的+表2中有但表1没有的
左外连接,右外连接
#引入:查询没有男朋友的女神名
USE girls;
SELECT
b.name,
BO.*
from
beauty b
LEFT JOIN boys BO on b.boyfriend_id=BO.id
WHERE
BO.id is NULL;
#案例1:查询那个部门没有员工
USE myemployees;
SELECT
d.*,
e.employee_id
FROM
departments d LEFT JOIN employees e on d.department_id=e.department_id
where
e.employee_id is null;
全外连接
use girls;
SELECT
b.*,
bo.*
FROM
beauty b
full OUTER JOIN boys bo
ON b.boyfriend_id=bo.id;
交叉连接(笛卡尔乘积)
SELECT
b.*,
bo.*
FROM
beauty b CROSS JOIN boys bo;
#------------------------练习-----------------------------
#1.查询编号>3的女神的男朋友信息,如果有则列出详细,如果没有用NULL填充
USE girls;
SELECT
b.id,
b.name,
BO.*
from
beauty b
LEFT JOIN boys BO on b.boyfriend_id=BO.id
WHERE
B.id>3;
#2.查询哪个城市没有部门
use myemployees;
SELECT
city,
d.*
FROM
departments d RIGHT JOIN locations l
ON d.location_id = l.location_id
WHERE
d.department_id is NULL;
#3.查询部门名为SAL或IT的员工信息
SELECT
d.department_name,
e.*
from
departments d LEFT JOIN employees e
ON d.department_id = e.department_id
WHERE
d.department_name in ('SAL','IT');
#---------------------------------------------------------