进阶7:子查询
含义:出现在其他语句中的select语句,称为子查询或内查询
外部的查询语句,称为主查询或外查询
分类:
按子查询出现的位置:SELECT 后面 仅仅支持标量子查询 FROM 后面 支持表子查询 WHERE 或 HAVING 后面 (*) 标量子查询(单行)(*) 列子查询 (多行)(*) 行子查询 EXISTS 后面 表子查询
按结果集的行列数不同
标量子查询(结果集只有一行一列) 列子查询(结果集只有多行一列) 行子查询(结果集只有一(多)行多列) 表子查询(结果集只有多行多列)
一、where或having后面
1.标量子查询(单行子查询)
2.列子查询(多行子查询)
3.行子查询(多列多行)
特点:
①子查询放在小括号内
②子查询一般放在条件的右侧
③标量子查询,一般搭配着单行操作符使用 > < >= <= = <>
列子查询,一般搭配着多行操作符使用 in,any/some,all
④子查询的执行优先于主查询执行,主查询的条件用于子查询的结果
1.标量子查询
#案例1:谁的公司比Able高
#①查询Abel的工资
SELECT
salary
FROM
employees
WHERE
last_name = 'Abel';
#②查询员工的信息,满足salary>①结果
SELECT
*
from
employees
WHERE
salary>(SELECT
salary
FROM
employees
WHERE
last_name = 'Abel'
);
#案例2:返回job_id与141号员工相同,salary比143号员工多的员工 姓名,job_id和工资
#①查询141号员工的job_id
SELECT job_id
FROM employees
where employee_id=141
#②查询143号员工的salary
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id=143
#③查询员工的姓名,job_id和工资,要求job_id=①并且salary>②
SELECT
last_name,
job_id,
salary
FROM
employees
WHERE
job_id = (
SELECT
job_id
FROM
employees
WHERE
employee_id = 141
)
AND salary > (
SELECT
salary
FROM
employees
WHERE
employee_id = 143
);
#案例3.返回公司工资最少的员工的last_name,job_id和salary
#①查询公司的最低工资
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
#②拆线呢last_name,job_id和salary,要求salary=①
SELECT
last_name,
job_id,
salary
FROM
employees
WHERE
salary = (
SELECT
MIN(salary)
FROM
employees
);
#案例4.查询最低工资大于50号部门的最低工资的部门id和其最低工资
#①查询50号部门的最低工资
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE department_id=50
#②查询每个部门的最低工资
SELECT MIN(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
#③筛选②,满足min(salary)>①
SELECT
MIN(salary),
department_id
FROM
employees
GROUP BY
department_id
HAVING
MIN(salary) > (
SELECT
MIN(salary)
FROM
employees
WHERE
department_id = 50
);
非法使用标量子查询
SELECT
MIN(salary),
department_id
FROM
employees
GROUP BY
department_id
HAVING
MIN(salary) > (
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = 50
);
2.列子查询(多行子查询)
#案例1.返回location_id是1400或1700的部门中的所有员工姓名
#①查询location_id是1400或1700的部门编号
SELECT department_id
FROM departments
WHERE location_id in(1400,1700)
#②查询员工姓名,要求部门号是①中列表中的某一个
SELECT last_name
FROM employees
WHERE department_id in(
SELECT department_id
FROM departments
WHERE location_id in(1400,1700)
);
#或
SELECT last_name
FROM employees
WHERE department_id =ANY(
SELECT department_id
FROM departments
WHERE location_id in(1400,1700)
#案例2.返回其他部门中比job_id为‘IT_PROG’部门任一工资低的员工的工号,姓名,job_id以及salary
#①查询job_id为‘IT_PROG’部门任一工资
SELECT DISTINCT salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG'
#②查询员工号,姓名,job_id以及salary,salary<ANY(①)
SELECT
last_name,
employee_id,
job_id,
salary
from employees
WHERE salary<any(
SELECT DISTINCT salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG'
) and job_id<>'IT_PROG';
#或
SELECT
last_name,
employee_id,
job_id,
salary
from employees
WHERE salary<(
SELECT max(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG'
) and job_id<>'IT_PROG';
#案例3.返回其他部门中比job_id为‘IT_PROG’部门所有工资低的员工的工号,姓名,job_id以及salary
#①查询job_id为‘IT_PROG’部门任一工资
SELECT DISTINCT salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG'
#②查询员工号,姓名,job_id以及salary,salary<ANY(①)
SELECT
last_name,
employee_id,
job_id,
salary
from employees
WHERE salary<all(
SELECT DISTINCT salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG'
) and job_id<>'IT_PROG';
#或
SELECT
last_name,
employee_id,
job_id,
salary
from employees
WHERE salary<(
SELECT min(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG'
) and job_id<>'IT_PROG';
3.行子查询(结果一行多列或多行多列)
#案例:查询员工编号最小并且工资最高的员工信息
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE (employee_id,salary)=(
SELECT MIN(employee_id),MAX(salary)
FROM employees
);
#①查询最小的员工编号
SELECT min(employee_id)
FROM employees
#②查询最高工资
SELECT MAX(salary)
from employees
#查询员工信息
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id=(
SELECT min(employee_id)
FROM employees
)AND salary=(
SELECT MAX(salary)
from employees
);
二、select后面
仅仅支持标量子查询
#案例1:查询每个部门的员工个数
SELECT d.*,(
SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM employees e
WHERE e.department_id=d.department_id
)个数
FROM departments d;
#案例2:查询员工号=102的部门名
SELECT (
SELECT department_name
FROM departments d
INNER JOIN employees e
ON d.department_id=e.department_id
WHERE e.employee_id=102
)部门名;
三、from后面
将子查询结果充当一张表,要求必须起别名
#案例:查询每个部门的平均工资的工资等级
#①查询每个部门的平均工资
SELECT AVG(salary),department_id
from employees
GROUP BY department_id
#②查询平均工资等级
SELECT ag_dep.*,g.grade_level
FROM (
SELECT AVG(salary) ag,department_id
from employees
GROUP BY department_id
)ag_dep
INNER join job_grades g
on ag_dep.ag BETWEEN lowest_sal AND highest_sal;
四、exists后面(相关子查询)
语法:
EXISTS(完整的查询语句)
结果:
1或0
判断查询的是否有内容,有内容返回1,没有返回0SELECT EXISTS(SELECT employee_id FROM employees);
#案例1.查询有员工的部门名
#in
SELECT department_name
FROM departments d
WHERE d.department_id in (
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
);
#或
SELECT department_name
FROM departments d
WHERE EXISTS(
SELECT *
FROM employees e
WHERE d.department_id=e.department_id
);
#----------------------------练习--------------------------------
#1.查询和Zlotkey相同的部门的员工姓名和工资
#①查询Zlotkey的部门
SELECT department_id
from employees
WHERE last_name='Zlotkey'
#②查询部门号等于①的姓名和工资
SELECT last_name,salary
FROM employees
WHERE department_id=(
SELECT department_id
from employees
WHERE last_name='Zlotkey'
);
#2.查询工资比公司平均工资高的员工的员工号,姓名和工资
#①查询平均工资
SELECT AVG(salary)
FROM employees
#②查询比①高的员工号,姓名工资
SELECT employee_id,last_name,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary>(
SELECT AVG(salary)
FROM employees
);
#3.查询各部门中工资比本部门平均工资高的员工的员工号,姓名和工资
#①查询各部门的平均工资
SELECT AVG(salary),department_id
from employees
GROUP BY department_id
#②查询比①工资高的员工的员工号,姓名和工资
SELECT employee_id,last_name,salary,ag_dep.a
FROM employees e
INNER JOIN(
SELECT AVG(salary) a,department_id
from employees
GROUP BY department_id
)ag_dep
on e.department_id=ag_dep.department_id
WHERE e.salary>ag_dep.a;
#4.查询姓名中包含字母u的员工在相同部门的员工的员工号和姓名
#①查询包含字母u的员工在的部门
SELECT department_id
from employees
WHERE last_name LIKE '%u%'
#查询于①相同部门的员工号和姓名
SELECT employee_id,last_name
FROM employees
WHERE department_id in (
SELECT department_id
from employees
WHERE last_name LIKE '%u%'
);
#5.查询在部门的location_id为1700的部门工作的员工和员工号
#①查询部门的location_id为1700的部门
SELECT department_id
FROM departments
WHERE location_id=1700
#②查询部门为①的员工和员工号
SELECT employee_id,last_name
FROM employees
WHERE department_id in (
SELECT department_id
FROM departments
WHERE location_id=1700
);
#6.查询管理者是K_ing的员工姓名和工资
#①查询K_ing的员工号
SELECT employee_id
FROM employees
WHERE last_name='K_ing'
#②查询管理者是①的员工姓名和工资
SELECT last_name,salary
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id in (
SELECT employee_id
FROM employees
WHERE last_name='K_ing'
);
#7.查询工资最高的员工姓名,要求first_name和last_name显示为一列,列名姓.名
#①查询最高的工资
SELECT MAX(salary)
FROM employees
#②查询工资为①的员工姓名
SELECT CONCAT(first_name,'.',last_name) '姓.名'
FROM employees
WHERE salary=(
SELECT MAX(salary)
FROM employees
);
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