设计模式之责任链模式（完结）

基本介绍

1. 为请求创建一个接收者对象的链，这种模式对请求的发送者和接收者进行解耦
2. 责任链模式通常每个接收者都包含对另一个接收者的引用，如果一个对象不能处理该请求，那么它会把相同的请求传给下一个接收者，依次类推
3. 属于行为型模式

责任链模式使多个对象都要机会处理请求，从而避免请求的发送者和接收者之间的耦合关系，将这个对象连成一条链，并沿着这条链传递该请求，直到有一个对象处理它为止

角色及职责

1. Handler：抽象的处理者，定义了一个处理请求的接口，同时含有另外Handler
2. ConcreteHandler：具体的处理者，处理它负责的请求，可以访问它的后继者（即下一个处理者），如果可以处理当前请求，则处理，否则流将该请求交给后继者去处理，从而形成责任链
3. Request：含有很多属性，表示一个请求

示例代码

场景：不同级别的人处理不同级别的金额

Request

public class PurchaseRequest {

    private int type = 0;//请求类型
    private float price = 0.0f;
    private int id = 0;

    public PurchaseRequest(int type, float price, int id) {
        this.type = type;
        this.price = price;
        this.id = id;
    }

    public int getType() {
        return type;
    }

    public float getPrice() {
        return price;
    }

    public int getId() {
        return id;
    }
}

Handler:

public abstract class Approver {

    Approver approver;// 下一个处理者
    String name; //  名称

    public Approver(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    /**
     * 下一个处理者
     * @param approver
     */
    public void setApprover(Approver approver) {
        this.approver = approver;
    }

    /**
     * 处理审批请求的方法
     */
    public abstract void processRequest(PurchaseRequest purchaseRequest);
}

ConcreteHandler:

public class DepartmentApprover extends Approver{

    public DepartmentApprover(String name) {
        super(name);
    }

    @Override
    public void processRequest(PurchaseRequest purchaseRequest) {
        if (purchaseRequest.getPrice() <= 5000){
            System.out.println("请求编号" + purchaseRequest.getId() + "被" + this.name + "处理");
        }else {
            approver.processRequest(purchaseRequest);
        }
    }
}

public class CollegeApprover extends Approver{
    public CollegeApprover(String name) {
        super(name);
    }

    @Override
    public void processRequest(PurchaseRequest purchaseRequest) {
        if (purchaseRequest.getPrice() <= 10000 && purchaseRequest.getPrice() > 5000){
            System.out.println("请求编号" + purchaseRequest.getId() + "被" + this.name + "处理");
        }else {
            approver.processRequest(purchaseRequest);
        }
    }
}	

public class ViceSchoolMasterApprover extends Approver{
    public ViceSchoolMasterApprover(String name) {
        super(name);
    }

    @Override
    public void processRequest(PurchaseRequest purchaseRequest) {
        if (purchaseRequest.getPrice() <= 30000 && purchaseRequest.getPrice() > 10000){
            System.out.println("请求编号" + purchaseRequest.getId() + "被" + this.name + "处理");
        }else {
            approver.processRequest(purchaseRequest);
        }
    }
}

public class SchoolMasterApprover extends Approver{
    public SchoolMasterApprover(String name) {
        super(name);
    }

    @Override
    public void processRequest(PurchaseRequest purchaseRequest) {
        if (purchaseRequest.getPrice() > 30000){
            System.out.println("请求编号" + purchaseRequest.getId() + "被" + this.name + "处理");
        }else {
            approver.processRequest(purchaseRequest);
        }
    }
}

客户端调用

public class Client {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        PurchaseRequest purchaseRequest1 = new PurchaseRequest(0,2000,1);
        PurchaseRequest purchaseRequest2 = new PurchaseRequest(1,6000,2);
        PurchaseRequest purchaseRequest3 = new PurchaseRequest(2,30000,3);
        PurchaseRequest purchaseRequest4 = new PurchaseRequest(3,40000,4);

        // 创建相关负责人
        DepartmentApprover departmentApprover = new DepartmentApprover("张主任");
        CollegeApprover collegeApprover = new CollegeApprover("李院长");
        ViceSchoolMasterApprover viceSchoolMasterApprover = new ViceSchoolMasterApprover("陈副校长");
        SchoolMasterApprover schoolMasterApprover = new SchoolMasterApprover("王校长");

        // 设置各个审批级别的下一个设置好（处理成环形）
        departmentApprover.setApprover(collegeApprover);
        collegeApprover.setApprover(viceSchoolMasterApprover);
        viceSchoolMasterApprover.setApprover(schoolMasterApprover);
        schoolMasterApprover.setApprover(departmentApprover);

        departmentApprover.processRequest(purchaseRequest1);
        collegeApprover.processRequest(purchaseRequest3);
        viceSchoolMasterApprover.processRequest(purchaseRequest4);
        schoolMasterApprover.processRequest(purchaseRequest2);
    }
}

注意事项和细节

1. 将请求和处理分开，实现解耦，提高系统的灵活性
2. 简化了对象，使对象不需要指定链的结构
3. 性能会受到影响，特别是链比较长的时候，因此需控制链中最大节点数量，一般通过在Handler中设置一个最大节点数量，在setNext()方法中判断是否已经超郭最大个数，超过则不允许该链建立，避免出现超长链无意识地破坏系统性能
4. 调试不方便，采用了类似递归的方式，调试时逻辑可能比较复杂
5. 最佳应用场景：有多个对象可以处理同一个请求时，比如多级请求，审批流程，拦截器等

设计模式的学习就到这里，愿与诸君共勉