基本介绍
- 为请求创建一个接收者对象的链,这种模式对请求的发送者和接收者进行解耦
- 责任链模式通常每个接收者都包含对另一个接收者的引用,如果一个对象不能处理该请求,那么它会把相同的请求传给下一个接收者,依次类推
- 属于行为型模式
责任链模式使多个对象都要机会处理请求,从而避免请求的发送者和接收者之间的耦合关系,将这个对象连成一条链,并沿着这条链传递该请求,直到有一个对象处理它为止
角色及职责
- Handler:抽象的处理者,定义了一个处理请求的接口,同时含有另外Handler
- ConcreteHandler:具体的处理者,处理它负责的请求,可以访问它的后继者(即下一个处理者),如果可以处理当前请求,则处理,否则流将该请求交给后继者去处理,从而形成责任链
- Request:含有很多属性,表示一个请求
示例代码
场景:不同级别的人处理不同级别的金额
Request
public class PurchaseRequest {
private int type = 0;//请求类型
private float price = 0.0f;
private int id = 0;
public PurchaseRequest(int type, float price, int id) {
this.type = type;
this.price = price;
this.id = id;
}
public int getType() {
return type;
}
public float getPrice() {
return price;
}
public int getId() {
return id;
}
}
Handler:
public abstract class Approver {
Approver approver;// 下一个处理者
String name; // 名称
public Approver(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
/**
* 下一个处理者
* @param approver
*/
public void setApprover(Approver approver) {
this.approver = approver;
}
/**
* 处理审批请求的方法
*/
public abstract void processRequest(PurchaseRequest purchaseRequest);
}
ConcreteHandler:
public class DepartmentApprover extends Approver{
public DepartmentApprover(String name) {
super(name);
}
@Override
public void processRequest(PurchaseRequest purchaseRequest) {
if (purchaseRequest.getPrice() <= 5000){
System.out.println("请求编号" + purchaseRequest.getId() + "被" + this.name + "处理");
}else {
approver.processRequest(purchaseRequest);
}
}
}
public class CollegeApprover extends Approver{
public CollegeApprover(String name) {
super(name);
}
@Override
public void processRequest(PurchaseRequest purchaseRequest) {
if (purchaseRequest.getPrice() <= 10000 && purchaseRequest.getPrice() > 5000){
System.out.println("请求编号" + purchaseRequest.getId() + "被" + this.name + "处理");
}else {
approver.processRequest(purchaseRequest);
}
}
}
public class ViceSchoolMasterApprover extends Approver{
public ViceSchoolMasterApprover(String name) {
super(name);
}
@Override
public void processRequest(PurchaseRequest purchaseRequest) {
if (purchaseRequest.getPrice() <= 30000 && purchaseRequest.getPrice() > 10000){
System.out.println("请求编号" + purchaseRequest.getId() + "被" + this.name + "处理");
}else {
approver.processRequest(purchaseRequest);
}
}
}
public class SchoolMasterApprover extends Approver{
public SchoolMasterApprover(String name) {
super(name);
}
@Override
public void processRequest(PurchaseRequest purchaseRequest) {
if (purchaseRequest.getPrice() > 30000){
System.out.println("请求编号" + purchaseRequest.getId() + "被" + this.name + "处理");
}else {
approver.processRequest(purchaseRequest);
}
}
}
客户端调用
public class Client {
public static void main(String[] args) {
PurchaseRequest purchaseRequest1 = new PurchaseRequest(0,2000,1);
PurchaseRequest purchaseRequest2 = new PurchaseRequest(1,6000,2);
PurchaseRequest purchaseRequest3 = new PurchaseRequest(2,30000,3);
PurchaseRequest purchaseRequest4 = new PurchaseRequest(3,40000,4);
// 创建相关负责人
DepartmentApprover departmentApprover = new DepartmentApprover("张主任");
CollegeApprover collegeApprover = new CollegeApprover("李院长");
ViceSchoolMasterApprover viceSchoolMasterApprover = new ViceSchoolMasterApprover("陈副校长");
SchoolMasterApprover schoolMasterApprover = new SchoolMasterApprover("王校长");
// 设置各个审批级别的下一个设置好(处理成环形)
departmentApprover.setApprover(collegeApprover);
collegeApprover.setApprover(viceSchoolMasterApprover);
viceSchoolMasterApprover.setApprover(schoolMasterApprover);
schoolMasterApprover.setApprover(departmentApprover);
departmentApprover.processRequest(purchaseRequest1);
collegeApprover.processRequest(purchaseRequest3);
viceSchoolMasterApprover.processRequest(purchaseRequest4);
schoolMasterApprover.processRequest(purchaseRequest2);
}
}
注意事项和细节
- 将请求和处理分开,实现解耦,提高系统的灵活性
- 简化了对象,使对象不需要指定链的结构
- 性能会受到影响,特别是链比较长的时候,因此需控制链中最大节点数量,一般通过在Handler中设置一个最大节点数量,在setNext()方法中判断是否已经超郭最大个数,超过则不允许该链建立,避免出现超长链无意识地破坏系统性能
- 调试不方便,采用了类似递归的方式,调试时逻辑可能比较复杂
- 最佳应用场景:有多个对象可以处理同一个请求时,比如多级请求,审批流程,拦截器等
设计模式的学习就到这里,愿与诸君共勉