MySQL——09 子查询

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本文深入探讨了SQL中的子查询概念，包括单行子查询、多行子查询和相关子查询的使用。通过实例展示了如何在SELECT、HAVING、CASE等语句中运用子查询，以及如何处理空值问题。此外，还讨论了子查询在更新和删除操作中的应用，并提供了多个练习题帮助读者巩固子查询的理解。

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子查询指一个查询语句嵌套在另一个查询语句内部的查询，这个特性从MySQL4.1开始引入。

SQL 中子查询的使用大大增强了 SELECT 查询的能力，因为很多时候查询需要从结果集中获取数据，或者需要从同一个表中先计算得出一个数据结果，然后与这个数据结果（可能是某个标量，也可能是某个集合）进行比较。

1.需求分析与问题解决

1.1 实际问题

谁的工资比Abel高？那我们首先就得知道Abel的工资是多少？

#方式一：一个一个查（效率太低，不推荐）
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = 'Abel';

SELECT last_name,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary > 11000;

#方式二：自连接（推荐，DBMS自身就有优化）
SELECT e2.last_name,e2.salary
FROM employees e1,employees e2
WHERE e1.last_name = 'Abel'
AND e1.`salary` < e2.`salary`

#方式三：子查询（之前是一个指定值，现在值变成了从一个查询结果中得到）
SELECT last_name,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary > (
		SELECT salary
		FROM employees
		WHERE last_name = 'Abel'
		);

1.2 子查询的基本使用

子查询的语法结构

SELECT select_list
FROM table
WHERE expr operator (
    				SELECT select_list
    				FROM table
					);

子查询（内查询）在主查询之前一次执行完成。
子查询的结果被主查询（外查询）使用。
注意事项
- 子查询要包含在括号内
- 将子查询放在比较条件的右侧
- 单行操作符对应单行子查询，多行操作符对应多行子查询

1.3 子查询的分类

分类方式1：

我们按内查询的结果返回一条还是多条记录，将子查询分为单行子查询、多行子查询。

单行子查询：根据条件只返回一个值
多行子查询：返回多个值

分类方式2：

我们按内查询是否被执行多次，将子查询划分为相关(或关联)子查询和不相关(或非关联)子查询。

子查询从数据表中查询了数据结果，如果这个数据结果只执行一次，然后这个数据结果作为主查询的条件进行执行，那么这样的子查询叫做不相关子查询。（如之前查询的Abel的工资）

同样，如果子查询需要执行多次，即采用循环的方式，先从外部查询开始，每次都传入子查询进行查询，然后再将结果反馈给外部，这种嵌套的执行方式就称为相关子查询。

2.单行子查询

2.1 单行比较操作符

操作符	含义
=	equal to
>	greater than
>=	greater than or equal to
<	less than
<=	less than or equal to
<>	not equal to

2.2 代码示例

题目：返回job_id与141号员工相同，salary比143号员工多的员工姓名，job_id和工资

select last_name, job_id, salary
from employees
where job_id = (
		select job_id
		from employees
		where employee_id = 141
		)
and salary > (
	      select salary
	      from employees
	      where employee_id = 143
	      );

题目：返回公司工资最少的员工的last_name,job_id和salary

SELECT last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary <= (
		SELECT MIN(salary)
		FROM employees
		);

题目：查询与141号或174号员工的manager_id和department_id相同的其他员工的employee_id，manager_id，department_id

实现方式1：不成对比较

SELECT  employee_id, manager_id, department_id
FROM    employees
WHERE   manager_id IN
		  (SELECT  manager_id
                   FROM    employees
                   WHERE   employee_id IN (174,141))
AND     department_id IN 
		  (SELECT  department_id
                   FROM    employees
                   WHERE   employee_id IN (174,141))
AND	employee_id NOT IN(174,141);

实现方式2：成对比较

SELECT	employee_id, manager_id, department_id
FROM	employees
WHERE  (manager_id, department_id) IN
                      (SELECT manager_id, department_id
                       FROM   employees
                       WHERE  employee_id IN (141,174))
AND	employee_id NOT IN (141,174);

2.3 HAVING 中的子查询

先执行子查询
向主查询中的HAVUING子句返回结果

题目：查询最低工资大于50号部门最低工资的部门id和其最低工资

SELECT department_id, MIN(salary) min_salary
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING min_salary > (
		     SELECT MIN(salary)
		     FROM employees
		     WHERE department_id = 50
		     );

2.4 CASE中的子查询

在CASE表达式中使用单列子查询：

题目：显式员工的employee_id,last_name和location。其中，若员工department_id与location_id为1800的department_id相同，则location为’Canada’，其余则为’USA’。

SELECT employee_id, last_name,
       (CASE department_id
        WHEN
             (SELECT department_id FROM departments
	      WHERE location_id = 1800)           
        THEN 'Canada' ELSE 'USA' END) location
FROM   employees;

2.5 子查询中的空值问题

SELECT last_name, job_id
FROM   employees
WHERE  job_id =
                (SELECT job_id
                 FROM   employees
                 WHERE  last_name = 'Haas');

子查询不返回任何行，自然结果也不返回任何行。

2.6 非法使用子查询

SELECT employee_id, last_name
FROM   employees
WHERE  salary =
                (SELECT   MIN(salary)
                 FROM     employees
                 GROUP BY department_id);

错误代码：1242
Subquery returns more than 1 row

3.多行子查询

也称为集合比较子查询
内查询返回多行
使用多行比较操作符

3.1 多行比较操作符

操作符	含义
IN	等于列表中的任意一个
ANY	需要和单行比较操作符一起使用，和子查询返回的某一个值比较
ALL	需要和单行比较操作符一起使用，和子查询返回的所有值比较
SOME	实际上是ANY的别名，作用相同，一般常使用ANY

3.2 代码示例

题目：返回其它job_id中比job_id为‘IT_PROG’部门任一工资低的员工的员工号、姓名、job_id 以及salary

SELECT employee_id, last_name, job_id, salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary  < ANY (SELECT salary
		     FROM employees
		     WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG')
AND job_id <> 'IT_PROG'

题目：返回其它job_id中比job_id为‘IT_PROG’部门所有工资都低的员工的员工号、姓名、job_id以及salary

SELECT employee_id, last_name, job_id, salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary < ALL (SELECT salary
		     FROM employees
		     WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG')
AND job_id <> 'IT_PROG'

题目：查询平均工资最低的部门id

#方式1：将查询出来的多个值的集合假定为一个表，就可以得到MIN(salary)的值
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING AVG(salary) = (
			SELECT MIN(avg_sal)
			FROM (
				SELECT AVG(salary) avg_sal
				FROM employees
				GROUP BY department_id
				) dept_avg_sal
			)

#方式2：
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING AVG(salary) <= ALL (
				SELECT AVG(salary) avg_sal
				FROM employees
				GROUP BY department_id
)

3.3 空值问题

SELECT last_name
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id NOT IN (
			SELECT manager_id
			FROM employees
			);

4.相关子查询

4.1 相关子查询执行流程

如果子查询的执行依赖于外部查询，通常情况下都是因为子查询中的表用到了外部的表，并进行了条件关联，因此每执行一次外部查询，子查询都要重新计算一次，这样的子查询就称之为关联子查询。

相关子查询按照一行接一行的顺序执行，主查询的每一行都执行一次子查询。

在这里插入图片描述

说明：子查询中使用主查询中的列

4.2 代码示例

题目：查询员工中工资大于本部门平均工资的员工的last_name,salary和其department_id

方式一：相关子查询

SELECT last_name, salary, department_id
FROM employees `other`
WHERE salary > (SELECT AVG(salary)
		FROM employees
		WHERE `other`.department_id = department_id);

方式二：在from中使用子查询

SELECT last_name, salary, e1.department_id
FROM employees e1, (SELECT department_id, AVG(salary) dept_avg_sal
		    FROM employees
		    GROUP BY department_id) e2
WHERE e1.`department_id` = e2.`department_id`
AND e2.dept_avg_sal < e1.`salary`;

from型的子查询：子查询是作为from的一部分，子查询要用()引起来，并且要给这个子查询取别名，
把它当成一张“临时的虚拟的表”来使用。

在ORDER BY 中使用子查询：

题目：查询员工的id,salary,按照department_name 排序

SELECT employee_id,salary
FROM employees e
ORDER BY (
	  SELECT department_name
	  FROM departments d
	  WHERE e.`department_id` = d.`department_id`
	);

题目：若employees表中employee_id与job_history表中employee_id相同的数目不小于2，输出这些相同id的员工的employee_id,last_name和其job_id

SELECT e.employee_id, last_name,e.job_id
FROM   employees e 
WHERE  2 <= (SELECT COUNT(*)
             FROM   job_history 
             WHERE  employee_id = e.employee_id);

4.3 EXISTS与NOT EXISTS关键字

关联子查询通常也会和 EXISTS操作符一起来使用，用来检查在子查询中是否存在满足条件的行。
如果在子查询中不存在满足条件的行：
- 条件返回 FALSE
- 继续在子查询中查找
如果在子查询中存在满足条件的行：
- 不在子查询中继续查找
- 条件返回 TRUE
NOT EXISTS关键字表示如果不存在某种条件，则返回TRUE，否则返回FALSE。

题目：查询公司管理者的employee_id，last_name，job_id，department_id信息

方式一：

SELECT employee_id, last_name, job_id, department_id
FROM   employees e1
WHERE  EXISTS ( SELECT *
                 FROM   employees e2
                 WHERE  e2.manager_id = 
                        e1.employee_id);

方式二：自连接

SELECT DISTINCT e1.employee_id, e1.last_name, e1.job_id, e1.department_id
FROM   employees e1 JOIN employees e2
WHERE e1.employee_id = e2.manager_id;

方式三：

SELECT employee_id,last_name,job_id,department_id
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id IN (
		     SELECT DISTINCT manager_id
		     FROM employees
		     
		     );

题目：查询departments表中，不存在于employees表中的部门的department_id和department_name

SELECT department_id, department_name
FROM departments d
WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT 'X'
                  FROM   employees
                  WHERE  department_id = d.department_id);

4.4 相关更新

UPDATE table1 alias1
SET    column = (SELECT expression
                 FROM   table2 alias2
                 WHERE  alias1.column = alias2.column);

使用相关子查询依据一个表中的数据更新另一个表的数据。

题目：在employees中增加一个department_name字段，数据为员工对应的部门名称

# 1）
ALTER TABLE employees
ADD(department_name VARCHAR2(14));

# 2）
UPDATE employees e
SET department_name =  (SELECT department_name 
	                       FROM   departments d
	                       WHERE  e.department_id = d.department_id);

4.5 相关删除

 DELETE FROM table1 alias1
 WHERE column operator (SELECT expression
                        FROM   table2 alias2
                        WHERE  alias1.column = alias2.column);

使用相关子查询依据一个表中的数据删除另一个表的数据。

题目：删除表employees中，其与emp_history表皆有的数据

DELETE FROM employees e
WHERE employee_id in  
           (SELECT employee_id
            FROM   emp_history 
            WHERE  employee_id = e.employee_id);

5.一点建议

回归到我们第一个问题：谁的工资比Abel的高？

在上面，我们有两种方式：自连接和子查询

**问题：**以上两种方式有好坏之分吗？

**解答：**自连接方式好！

题目中可以使用子查询，也可以使用自连接。一般情况建议你使用自连接，因为在许多 DBMS 的处理过程中，对于自连接的处理速度要比子查询快得多。

可以这样理解：子查询实际上是通过未知表进行查询后的条件判断，而自连接是通过已知的自身数据表进行条件判断，因此在大部分 DBMS 中都对自连接处理进行了优化。

6.练习

6.1.查询和Zlotkey相同部门的员工姓名和工资

SELECT last_name, salary
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = (SELECT department_id
		       FROM employees
		       WHERE last_name = 'Zlotkey');

6.2.查询工资比公司平均工资高的员工的员工号，姓名和工资。

SELECT employee_id, last_name, salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary > (SELECT AVG(salary)
		FROM employees);

6.3.选择工资大于所有JOB_ID = 'SA_MAN’的员工的工资的员工的last_name, job_id, salary

SELECT last_name, job_id, salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary > ALL (SELECT salary
		    FROM employees
		    WHERE job_id = 'SA_MAN');

6.4.查询和姓名中包含字母u的员工在相同部门的员工的员工号和姓名

SELECT employee_id, last_name
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = ANY (SELECT DISTINCT department_id
			   FROM employees
			   WHERE last_name LIKE '%u%');

6.5.查询在部门的location_id为1700的部门工作的员工的员工号

SELECT employee_id
FROM employees e JOIN departments d
ON e.`employee_id` = d.`department_id`
WHERE d.`location_id` = 1700;

SELECT employee_id
FROM employees
WHERE department_id IN (SELECT department_id
			FROM departments
		        WHERE location_id = 1700);

6.6.查询管理者是King的员工姓名和工资

SELECT last_name, salary
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id IN (SELECT employee_id
		    FROM employees
		    WHERE last_name = 'King');

6.7.查询工资最低的员工信息: last_name, salary

SELECT last_name, salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary <= (SELECT MIN(salary)
		 FROM employees);

6.8.查询平均工资最低的部门信息

#方式1
SELECT *
FROM departments
WHERE department_id = (SELECT department_id
		       FROM employees
		       GROUP BY department_id
		       HAVING  AVG(salary) = (SELECT MIN(dept_avgsal)
					      FROM (SELECT  AVG(salary) dept_avgsal
					            FROM employees
						    GROUP BY department_id) avg_sal
					      )
		       );

#方式2		       
SELECT *
FROM departments
WHERE department_id = (SELECT department_id
		       FROM employees
		       GROUP BY department_id
		       HAVING AVG(salary) <= ALL(SELECT AVG(salary) avg_sal
						 FROM employees
						 GROUP BY department_id)
		       );
		       
#方式3
SELECT *
FROM departments
WHERE department_id = (SELECT department_id
		       FROM employees
		       GROUP BY department_id
		       HAVING AVG(salary) = (SELECT AVG(salary)
					     FROM employees
					     GROUP BY department_id
					     ORDER BY AVG(salary)
					     LIMIT 0,1)
			);
			
#方式4
SELECT *
FROM departments d, (SELECT department_id, AVG(salary) avg_sal
		     FROM employees
		     GROUP BY department_id
		     ORDER BY avg_sal
		     LIMIT 0, 1) dept_avg_sal
WHERE d.`department_id` = dept_avg_sal.department_id;

6.9.查询平均工资最低的部门信息和该部门的平均工资（相关子查询）

SELECT d.*, dept_avg_sal.avg_sal 
FROM departments d, (SELECT department_id, AVG(salary) avg_sal
		     FROM employees
		     GROUP BY department_id
		     ORDER BY avg_sal
		     LIMIT 0, 1) dept_avg_sal
WHERE d.`department_id` = dept_avg_sal.department_id

6.10.查询平均工资最高的 job 信息

SELECT *
FROM jobs j, (SELECT job_id, AVG(salary) avg_sal
	      FROM employees
	      GROUP BY job_id
	      ORDER BY avg_sal DESC
	      LIMIT 0, 1) job_avg_sal
WHERE j.job_id = job_avg_sal.job_id

6.11.查询平均工资高于公司平均工资的部门有哪些?

SELECT department_id, AVG(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE department_id IS NOT NULL
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING AVG(salary) > (SELECT AVG(salary)
		      FROM employees);

6.12.查询出公司中所有 manager 的详细信息

SELECT employee_id, last_name, salary
FROM employees e1
WHERE EXISTS (SELECT *
	      FROM employees e2
	      WHERE e2.`manager_id` = e1.`employee_id`);

6.13.各个部门中最高工资中最低的那个部门的最低工资是多少?

SELECT employee_id, MIN(salary)
FROM employees e, (SELECT department_id, MAX(salary) max_sal
		   FROM employees
		   GROUP BY department_id
		   ORDER BY MAX(salary)
		   LIMIT 0, 1) dept_max_sal
WHERE e.`department_id` = dept_max_sal.department_id;

6.14.查询平均工资最高的部门的 manager 的详细信息: last_name, department_id, email, salary

SELECT last_name, department_id, email, salary
FROM employees 
WHERE employee_id IN (SELECT DISTINCT manager_id
		     FROM employees e ,(SELECT department_id, AVG(salary) avg_sal
				       FROM employees
				       GROUP BY department_id
				       ORDER BY avg_sal DESC
				       LIMIT 0, 1) dept_avg_sal
		     WHERE e.`department_id` = dept_avg_sal.department_id)

6.15. 查询部门的部门号，其中不包括job_id是"ST_CLERK"的部门号

SELECT department_id
FROM departments
WHERE department_id NOT IN(SELECT DISTINCT department_id
			   FROM employees
			   WHERE job_id = 'ST_CLERK');

6.16. 选择所有没有管理者的员工的last_name

SELECT last_name
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id IS NULL

SELECT last_name
FROM employees e1
WHERE NOT EXISTS (
SELECT *
FROM employees e2
WHERE e1.manager_id = e2.employee_id
);

6.17．查询员工号、姓名、雇用时间、工资，其中员工的管理者为 ‘De Haan’

SELECT employee_id, last_name, hire_date, salary
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id = (SELECT employee_id
		    FROM employees
		    WHERE last_name = 'De Haan')
		    
SELECT employee_id, last_name, hire_date, salary
FROM employees e1
WHERE EXISTS (SELECT *
	      FROM employees e2
	      WHERE e2.employee_id = e1.`manager_id`
	      AND e2.`last_name` = 'De Haan'
	      )

6.18.查询各部门中工资比本部门平均工资高的员工的员工号, 姓名和工资（相关子查询）

SELECT employee_id, last_name, salary
FROM employees e1
WHERE salary > (SELECT AVG(salary)
		FROM employees e2
		WHERE e1.department_id = e2.department_id);
		

SELECT employee_id, last_name, salary
FROM employees e1, (SELECT department_id, AVG(salary) avg_sal
		    FROM employees e2
		    GROUP BY department_id) dept_avg_sal
WHERE e1.`department_id` = dept_avg_sal.department_id
AND e1.`salary` > dept_avg_sal.avg_sal

6.19.查询每个部门下的部门人数大于 5 的部门名称（相关子查询）

SELECT department_id, department_name
FROM departments 
WHERE department_id IN (SELECT department_id
		       FROM employees
		       GROUP BY department_id
		       HAVING COUNT(*) > 5)
		       
SELECT department_name,department_id
FROM departments d
WHERE 5 < (
	  SELECT COUNT(*)
	  FROM employees e
	  WHERE d.`department_id` = e.`department_id`
	  );

6.20.查询每个国家下的部门个数大于 2 的国家编号（相关子查询）

SELECT country_id
FROM locations l
WHERE 2 < (SELECT COUNT(*)
	   FROM departments d
	   WHERE d.`location_id` = l.`location_id`);