吴恩达机器学习ex3

1 Multi-class Classification

1.1 Dataset

% Load Training Data
fprintf('Loading and Visualizing Data ...\n')

load('ex3data1.mat'); % training data stored in arrays X, y
m = size(X, 1);

在ex3data1.mat中一共有5000个样本，每一个样本是20 * 20，把每一个样本展开成列向量再转置，最后的X是5000 * 400的矩阵

1.2 Visualizing the data

% Randomly select 100 data points to display
rand_indices = randperm(m);
sel = X(rand_indices(1:100), :);

displayData(sel);

这段代码是随机的从X中选出100行，然后调用displayData函数

下面是displayData.m

function [h, display_array] = displayData(X, example_width)
%DISPLAYDATA Display 2D data in a nice grid
%   [h, display_array] = DISPLAYDATA(X, example_width) displays 2D data
%   stored in X in a nice grid. It returns the figure handle h and the 
%   displayed array if requested.

% Set example_width automatically if not passed in
if ~exist('example_width', 'var') || isempty(example_width) 
	example_width = round(sqrt(size(X, 2)));
end

% Gray Image
colormap(gray);

% Compute rows, cols
[m n] = size(X);
example_height = (n / example_width);

% Compute number of items to display
display_rows = floor(sqrt(m));
display_cols = ceil(m / display_rows);

% Between images padding
pad = 1;

% Setup blank display
display_array = - ones(pad + display_rows * (example_height + pad), ...
                       pad + display_cols * (example_width + pad));

% Copy each example into a patch on the display array
curr_ex = 1;
for j = 1:display_rows
	for i = 1:display_cols
		if curr_ex > m, 
			break; 
		end
		% Copy the patch
		
		% Get the max value of the patch
		max_val = max(abs(X(curr_ex, :)));
		display_array(pad + (j - 1) * (example_height + pad) + (1:example_height), ...
		              pad + (i - 1) * (example_width + pad) + (1:example_width)) = ...
						reshape(X(curr_ex, :), example_height, example_width) / max_val;
		curr_ex = curr_ex + 1;
	end
	if curr_ex > m, 
		break; 
	end
end

% Display Image
h = imagesc(display_array, [-1 1]);

% Do not show axis
axis image off

drawnow;

end

首先来看这段

if ~exist('example_width', 'var') || isempty(example_width) 
	example_width = round(sqrt(size(X, 2)));
end

这段的作用是，如果我们没有传入example_width那么就程序自动补充example_width = round(sqrt(size(X,2)))，round函数四舍五入为最近的整数，在这里example_width = 20

coloemap(gray)是将图片格式设置为灰度图

% Compute rows, cols
[m n] = size(X); % X : 100 * 400
example_height = (n / example_width); % height = 20

% Compute number of items to display
display_rows = floor(sqrt(m)); % rows = 10
display_cols = ceil(m / display_rows);% cols = 10

下面就是关键了，u1s1看得懂但是根本没想到要这么写orz

% Copy each example into a patch on the display array
curr_ex = 1;
for j = 1:display_rows
	for i = 1:display_cols
		if curr_ex > m, 
			break; 
		end
		% Copy the patch
		
		% Get the max value of the patch
		max_val = max(abs(X(curr_ex, :)));
		display_array(pad + (j - 1) * (example_height + pad) + (1:example_height), ...
		              pad + (i - 1) * (example_width + pad) + (1:example_width)) = ...
						reshape(X(curr_ex, :), example_height, example_width) / max_val;
		curr_ex = curr_ex + 1;
	end
	if curr_ex > m, 
		break; 
	end
end

% Display Image
h = imagesc(display_array, [-1 1]);

% Do not show axis
axis image off

drawnow;

1.3 Vectorizing Logistic Regression

首先来看一下ex3.m里的相关代码

%% ============ Part 2a: Vectorize Logistic Regression ============
%  In this part of the exercise, you will reuse your logistic regression
%  code from the last exercise. You task here is to make sure that your
%  regularized logistic regression implementation is vectorized. After
%  that, you will implement one-vs-all classification for the handwritten
%  digit dataset.
%

% Test case for lrCostFunction
fprintf('\nTesting lrCostFunction() with regularization');

theta_t = [-2; -1; 1; 2];
X_t = [ones(5,1) reshape(1:15,5,3)/10];
y_t = ([1;0;1;0;1] >= 0.5);
lambda_t = 3;
[J grad] = lrCostFunction(theta_t, X_t, y_t, lambda_t);

fprintf('\nCost: %f\n', J);
fprintf('Expected cost: 2.534819\n');
fprintf('Gradients:\n');
fprintf(' %f \n', grad);
fprintf('Expected gradients:\n');
fprintf(' 0.146561\n -0.548558\n 0.724722\n 1.398003\n');

fprintf('Program paused. Press enter to continue.\n');
pause;

X_t = [ones(5,1) reshape(1:15,5,3)/10];reshape是把向量转换成矩阵的形式，reshape(1:15,5,3)/10]就是变成5 * 3的矩阵，前面又加了5 * 1的，所以最后的X_t是5 * 4的矩阵
y_t = ([1;0;1;0;1] >= 0.5)是判断每个位置是是不是≥0.5，是为1，否则为0

在MATLAB中运行这两句的结果如下

X_t =

1.0000    0.1000    0.6000    1.1000
1.0000    0.2000    0.7000    1.2000
1.0000    0.3000    0.8000    1.3000
1.0000    0.4000    0.9000    1.4000
1.0000    0.5000    1.0000    1.5000

y_t =

5×1 logical 数组

1
0
1
0
1

下面就是调用逻辑回归，之前的知识就不细写了

function [J, grad] = lrCostFunction(theta, X, y, lambda)
%LRCOSTFUNCTION Compute cost and gradient for logistic regression with 
%regularization
%   J = LRCOSTFUNCTION(theta, X, y, lambda) computes the cost of using
%   theta as the parameter for regularized logistic regression and the
%   gradient of the cost w.r.t. to the parameters. 

% Initialize some useful values
m = length(y); % number of training examples

% You need to return the following variables correctly 
J = 0;
grad = zeros(size(theta));

% ====================== YOUR CODE HERE ======================
% Instructions: Compute the cost of a particular choice of theta.
%               You should set J to the cost.
%               Compute the partial derivatives and set grad to the partial
%               derivatives of the cost w.r.t. each parameter in theta
%
% Hint: The computation of the cost function and gradients can be
%       efficiently vectorized. For example, consider the computation
%
%           sigmoid(X * theta)
%
%       Each row of the resulting matrix will contain the value of the
%       prediction for that example. You can make use of this to vectorize
%       the cost function and gradient computations. 
%
% Hint: When computing the gradient of the regularized cost function, 
%       there're many possible vectorized solutions, but one solution
%       looks like:
%           grad = (unregularized gradient for logistic regression)
%           temp = theta; 
%           temp(1) = 0;   % because we don't add anything for j = 0  
%           grad = grad + YOUR_CODE_HERE (using the temp variable)
%


h_theta = sigmoid(X*theta);% compute the value of h_theta

J = 1/m*(sum(-y.*log(h_theta)-(1-y).*log(1-h_theta)))+lambda/2/m*sum(theta(2:end).^2);

grad_temp = 1/m*X'*(h_theta-y);

grad = grad_temp + lambda/m*theta;

grad(1) = grad_temp(1);



% =============================================================

grad = grad(:);

end

1.4 One-vs-all Classification

OneVsAll.m中需要补充的内容是

initial_theta = zeros(n + 1, 1);% 最后的output是(n+1)*1的形式

for c = 1:num_labels,%有0~9十个数字，要训练10次，其中用10来表示0
	options = optimset('GradObj', 'on', 'MaxIter', 50);
	all_theta(c,:) = fmincg (@(t)(lrCostFunction(t, X, (y == c), lambda)), initial_theta, options);
end;

PredictOneVsAll.m中要补充的内容是

temp_p=sigmoid(X*((all_theta)'));% temp_p 5000*10 5000个训练样本，每个样本10个output
[temp_max,p]=max( temp_p ,[],2);

max(A,[],2)可以获得每一行的最大值，并返回index

%% ============ Part 2b: One-vs-All Training ============
fprintf('\nTraining One-vs-All Logistic Regression...\n')

lambda = 0.1;
[all_theta] = oneVsAll(X, y, num_labels, lambda);

fprintf('Program paused. Press enter to continue.\n');
pause;


%% ================ Part 3: Predict for One-Vs-All ================

pred = predictOneVsAll(all_theta, X);

fprintf('\nTraining Set Accuracy: %f\n', mean(double(pred == y)) * 100);

以上就是ex3.m的实现啦，ex3_nn.m下次再写啦要溜去上课了