88行代码中的解释
经典的文章：《Efficient topology optimization in MATLAB using 88 lines of code》 图1 page3 |  图2 page4 |
88行代码
%%%% AN 88 LINE TOPOLOGY OPTIMIZATION CODE Nov, 2010 %%%%
function [x]=top88(nelx,nely,volfrac,penal,rmin,ft)
%% MATERIAL PROPERTIES 材料属性
nelx=5;nely=5;volfrac=0.5;penal=3;rmin=2.1;ft=2;
E0 = 1;
Emin = 1e-9;
nu = 0.3;
%% PREPARE FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS 准备有限元分析
A11 = [12 3 -6 -3; 3 12 3 0; -6 3 12 -3; -3 0 -3 12];
A12 = [-6 -3 0 3; -3 -6 -3 -6; 0 -3 -6 3; 3 -6 3 -6];
B11 = [-4 3 -2 9; 3 -4 -9 4; -2 -9 -4 -3; 9 4 -3 -4];
B12 = [ 2 -3 4 -9; -3 2 9 -2; 4 9 2 3; -9 -2 3 2];
KE = 1/(1-nu^2)/24*([A11 A12;A12' A11]+nu*[B11 B12;B12' B11]);
nodenrs = reshape(1:(1+nelx)*(1+nely),1+nely,1+nelx);%reshape 矩阵重构
edofVec = reshape(2*nodenrs(1:end-1,1:end-1)+1,nelx*nely,1);%end表示最后一行 或 最后一列
edofMat = repmat(edofVec,1,8)+repmat([0 1 2*nely+[2 3 0 1] -2 -1],nelx*nely,1);%repmat 矩阵重复 矩阵元素刚度有效的装配到全局刚度矩阵中 矩阵的第i行代表第i个元素的8个自由度指标
iK = reshape(kron(edofMat,ones(8,1))',64*nelx*nely,1);%行索引
jK = reshape(kron(edofMat,ones(1,8))',64*nelx*nely,1);%列索引
% DEFINE LOADS AND SUPPORTS (HALF MBB-BEAM)
F = sparse(2,1,-1,2*(nely+1)*(nelx+1),1);
U = zeros(2*(nely+1)*(nelx+1),1);
fixeddofs = union([1:2:2*(nely+1)],[2*(nelx+1)*(nely+1)]);
alldofs = [1:2*(nely+1)*(nelx+1)];
freedofs = setdiff(alldofs,fixeddofs);%设置两个矩阵的差集
%% PREPARE FILTER 准备过滤器
iH = ones(nelx*nely*(2*(ceil(rmin)-1)+1)^2,1);
jH = ones(size(iH));
sH = zeros(size(iH));
k = 0;
for i1 = 1:nelx
for j1 = 1:nely
e1 = (i1-1)*nely+j1;
for i2 = max(i1-(ceil(rmin)-1),1):min(i1+(ceil(rmin)-1),nelx)
for j2 = max(j1-(ceil(rmin)-1),1):min(j1+(ceil(rmin)-1),nely)
e2 = (i2-1)*nely+j2;
k = k+1;
iH(k) = e1;
jH(k) = e2;
sH(k) = max(0,rmin-sqrt((i1-i2)^2+(j1-j2)^2));
end
end
end
end
H = sparse(iH,jH,sH);%Hei,
Ha=full(H);
Hs = sum(H,2);%包含每一行总和的列向量求和i∈Ne Hei,
Hsa=full(Hs);
%% INITIALIZE ITERATION 循环初始化
x = repmat(volfrac,nely,nelx);
xPhys = x;
loop = 0;
change = 1;
%% START ITERATION 开始循环
while change > 0.01
loop = loop + 1;
%% FE-ANALYSIS 有限元分析 finite element
sK = reshape(KE(:)*(Emin+xPhys(:)'.^penal*(E0-Emin)),64*nelx*nely,1);
K = sparse(iK,jK,sK);K = (K+K')/2;
U(freedofs) = K(freedofs,freedofs)\F(freedofs);
%% OBJECTIVE FUNCTION AND SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS 目标函数与敏感度分析
ce = reshape(sum((U(edofMat)*KE).*U(edofMat),2),nely,nelx);
c = sum(sum((Emin+xPhys.^penal*(E0-Emin)).*ce));
dc = -penal*(E0-Emin)*xPhys.^(penal-1).*ce;
dv = ones(nely,nelx);
%% FILTERING/MODIFICATION OF SENSITIVITIES 敏感度过滤与修改
if ft == 1
dc(:) = H*(x(:).*dc(:))./Hs./max(1e-3,x(:));%H代表原文中的Hei，Hs代表原文中的Hei的和
elseif ft == 2
dc(:) = H*(dc(:)./Hs);%灵敏度改善
dv(:) = H*(dv(:)./Hs);%灵敏度改善
end
%% OPTIMALITY CRITERIA UPDATE OF DESIGN VARIABLES AND PHYSICAL DENSITIES 优化标准更新设计变量和物理密度 OC法 optimality criteria
l1 = 0; l2 = 1e9; move = 0.2;
while (l2-l1)/(l1+l2) > 1e-3
lmid = 0.5*(l2+l1);
xnew = max(0,max(x-move,min(1,min(x+move,x.*sqrt(-dc./dv/lmid)))));
if ft == 1
xPhys = xnew;
elseif ft == 2
xPhys(:) = (H*xnew(:))./Hs;%密度过滤
end
if sum(xPhys(:)) > volfrac*nelx*nely, l1 = lmid; else l2 = lmid; end
end
change = max(abs(xnew(:)-x(:)));
x = xnew;
%% PRINT RESULTS 打印结果
fprintf(' It.:%5i Obj.:%11.4f Vol.:%7.3f ch.:%7.3f\n',loop,c, ...
mean(xPhys(:)),change);
%% PLOT DENSITIES 画出密度
colormap(gray); imagesc(1-xPhys); caxis([0 1]); axis equal; axis off; drawnow;
end
%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% This Matlab code was written by E. Andreassen, A. Clausen, M. Schevenels,%
% B. S. Lazarov and O. Sigmund, Department of Solid Mechanics, %
% Technical University of Denmark, %
% DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark. %
% Please sent your comments to: sigmund@fam.dtu.dk %
% %
% The code is intended for educational purposes and theoretical details %
% are discussed in the paper %
% "Efficient topology optimization in MATLAB using 88 lines of code, %
% E. Andreassen, A. Clausen, M. Schevenels, %
% B. S. Lazarov and O. Sigmund, Struct Multidisc Optim, 2010 %
% This version is based on earlier 99-line code %
% by Ole Sigmund (2001), Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization, %
% Vol 21, pp. 120--127. %
% %
% The code as well as a postscript version of the paper can be %
% downloaded from the web-site: http://www.topopt.dtu.dk %
% %
% Disclaimer: %
% The authors reserves all rights but do not guaranty that the code is %
% free from errors. Furthermore, we shall not be liable in any event %
% caused by the use of the program. %
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
密度滤波和灵敏度滤波
if ft == 1
dc(:) = H*(x(:).*dc(:))./Hs./max(1e-3,x(:)); % 完成灵敏度滤波
elseif ft == 2
dc(:) = H*(dc(:)./Hs);% 修正目标函数灵敏度值
dv(:) = H*(dv(:)./Hs);% 修正约束函数灵敏度值
end
if ft == 1
xPhys = xnew;
elseif ft == 2
xPhys(:) = (H*xnew(:))./Hs;%密度过滤
end
ft=1时，灵敏度滤波。设计变量就是单元的伪密度，直接对目标函数的灵敏度进行滤波。
ft=2时，密度滤波。这里分为两步进行，第一步是根据链式法则求解目标函数对设计变量的灵敏度，第二步是对设计变量进行密度滤波，得到单元伪密度。
注意：在该代码中，x代表设计变量，xPhys代表得到的真实物理密度。
灵敏度滤波
%% MATERIAL PROPERTIES 材料属性
nelx=300;nely=100;volfrac=0.5;penal=3;rmin=2.1;ft=1;
E0 = 1;
Emin = 1e-9;
nu = 0.3;
Result
 Fig.1 x设计变量结果
|
 Fig.1 xPhys设计变量结果
|
It.: 100 Obj.: 190.4912 Vol.: 0.500 ch.: 0.200
密度滤波
%% MATERIAL PROPERTIES 材料属性
nelx=300;nely=100;volfrac=0.5;penal=3;rmin=2.1;ft=1;
E0 = 1;
Emin = 1e-9;
nu = 0.3;
Result
 Fig.1 x设计变量结果
|
 Fig.2 xPhys设计变量结果
|
It.: 100 Obj.: 198.1180 Vol.: 0.500 ch.: 0.200
这两种滤波方式所得到的结果稍有不同，但他们最终的结果是一样的，我的猜测是，密度滤波的收敛速度更慢一点。
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