1.如何派生内置不可变类型并修改其实例化行为
#我们想自定义一种新类型的元组,对于传入的可迭代对象,我们只保留其中int类型且值大于0的元素,例如:
IntTuple([2,-2,'jr',['x','y'],4]) => (2,4)
class TntTuple(tuple):
def __new__(cls,iterable):
# for i in iterable:
# if isinstance(i,int) and i>0:
# super().__init__(i)
f=[i for i in iterable if isinstance(i,int) and i>0]
print(f)
return super().__new__(cls,f)
int_t=TntTuple([2,-2,'lz',['x','y'],4])
print(int_t) #2,4
如何继承内置tuple 实现IntTuple
2.如何为创建大量实例节省内存
在游戏中,定义了玩家类player,每有一个在线玩家,在服务器内则有一个player的实例,当在线人数很多时,将产生大量实例(百万级)
如何降低这些大量实例的内存开销?
解决方案:
定义类的__slots__属性,声明实例有哪些属性(关闭动态绑定)
import sys #导入库
import tracemalloc
class Player1(object):
def __init__(self,uid,name,status=0,level=1):
self.uid=uid
self.name=name
self.status=status
self.level=level
class Player2():
__slots__ = ('uid','name','status','level')
def __init__(self,uid,name,status=0,level=1):
self.uid = uid
self.name = name
self.status = status
self.level = level
p1=Player1('0001','xiaoming')
p2=Player2('0002','xiaoming')
print(dir(p1)) #查看类属性
print(dir(p2))
print(len(dir(p1)),len(dir(p2)))
#__wealref__ 弱引用
#__dict__ 动态绑定属性
print(set(dir(p1))-set(dir(p2))) #相减的集合
print(set(dir(p2))-set(dir(p1)))
# p1.x=6
# # p1.__dict__['y']=7
# # print(p1.__dict__)
print(sys.getsizeof(p1.__dict__))
print(sys.getsizeof(p1.name))
print(sys.getsizeof(p1.uid))
tracemalloc.start()
#p1=[Player1(1,2,3) for _ in range(100000)]
p2=[Player2(1,2,3) for _ in range(100000)]
end = tracemalloc.take_snapshot()
top = end.statistics('filename')
# top = end.statistics('xiaoming')
for stat in top[:10]:
print(stat)
3.Python中的with语句
上下文管理器协议
contextlib简化上下文管理器
import contextlib
@contextlib.contextmanager
def file_open(filename):
print("file open")
yield {}
print("file end")
with file_open('lib1.py') as f:
print("file operation")
4.如何创建可管理的对象属性
在面向对象编程中,我们把方法看做对象的接口。直接访问对象的属性可能是不安全的,或设计上不够灵活,但是使用调用方法在形式上不如访问属性简洁。
# A.get_key() #访问器
# A.set_key() #设置器
class A():
def __init__(self,age):
self.age=age
def get_age(self):
return self.age
def set_age(self,age):
if not isinstance(age,int):
raise TypeError('Type Error')
self.age=age
R=property(get_age,set_age)
@property
def S(self):
return self.age
@S.setter
def S(self,age):
if not isinstance(age,int):
raise TypeError('Type Error')
self.age=age
a=A(20)
a.S=25
print(a.S) #打印出 25
5.如何让类支持比较操作
有时我们希望自定义类的实例间可以使用,<,<=,>,>=,==,!=符号进行比较,我们自定义比较的行业,例如,有一个矩形的类,比较两个矩形的实例时,比较的是他们的面积
from functools import total_ordering
import math
import abc
@total_ordering
class Shape(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
@abc.abstractmethod
def area(self):
pass
def __lt__(self, other):
return self.area() < other.area()
def __eq__(self, other):
return self.area() == other.area()
class Rect(Shape):
def __init__(self, w, h):
self.w = w
self.h = h
def area(self):
return self.w * self.h
# def __lt__(self, other):
# return self.area() < other.area()
#
# def __eq__(self, other):
# return self.area() == other.area()
# rect1 = Rect(1, 2)
# rect2 = Rect(1, 2)
# print(Rect(1, 2) > Rect(1, 2)) # rect2 < rect1
class Cirle(Shape):
def __init__(self, r):
self.r = r
def area(self):
return self.r ** 2*math.pi
# def __lt__(self, other):
# return self.area() < other.area()
#
# def __eq__(self, other):
# return self.area() == other.area()
c = Cirle(8)
rect = Rect(1, 2)
False
6.如何在环状数据结构中管理内存
双向循环链表
class Node:
def __init__(self, data):
self.data = data
self.left = None
self.right = None
def add_right(self, node):
self.right = node
node.left = self
def __str__(self):
return 'Node:<%s>' % self.data
def __del__(self):
print('in __del__: delete %s' % self)
def create_linklist(n):
head = current = Node(1)
for i in range(2, n + 1):
node = Node(i)
current.add_right(node)
current = node
return head
head = create_linklist(1000)
head = None
import time
for _ in range(1000):
time.sleep(1)
print('run...')
input('wait...')
通过实例方法名字的字符串调用方法
我们有三个图形类
Circle,Triangle,Rectangle
他们都有一个获取图形面积的方法,但是方法名字不同,我们可以实现一个统一的获取面积的函数,使用每种方法名进行尝试,调用相应类的接口
class Triangle:
def __init__(self,a,b,c):
self.a,self.b,self.c = a,b,c
def get_area(self):
a,b,c = self.a,self.b,self.c
p = (a+b+c)/2
return (p * (p-a)*(p-b)*(p-c)) ** 0.5
class Rectangle:
def __init__(self,a,b):
self.a,self.b = a,b
def getArea(self):
return self.a * self.b
class Circle:
def __init__(self,r):
self.r = r
def area(self):
return self.r ** 2 * 3.14159