Numpy Python

immutable: int, float, tuple, string

mutable:  list, dict, class, set, numpy.ndarray

>>> a = 1
>>> b = a
>>> b = 3
>>> a
1

int值不会改变 

>>> a = {2,3}
>>> b = a
>>> b.add(4)
>>> a
{2, 3, 4}

set会改变 

>>> import numpy as np
>>> a = np.array([[1,2,3,4],[5,6,7,8]])
>>> a
array([[1, 2, 3, 4],
       [5, 6, 7, 8]])
>>> b = a[1,:]
>>> b
array([5, 6, 7, 8])
>>> b[0] = 100
>>> a
array([[  1,   2,   3,   4],
       [100,   6,   7,   8]])

array会改变

[一首歌。。。]

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 np.arange(n) = list(range(n))

>>> np.arange(4)
array([0, 1, 2, 3])

Array Math

matrix multiplication

print(v.dot(w))
print(np.dot(v, w))

np.dot() = @

 np.sum()

print(np.sum(x))  # Compute sum of all elements; prints "10"
print(np.sum(x, axis=0))  # Compute sum of each column; prints "[4 6]"
print(np.sum(x, axis=1))  # Compute sum of each row; prints "[3 7]"

np.exp()

np.log()

Broadcasting

y = np.empty_like(x)   # Create an empty matrix with the same shape as x

重复某一行

Numpy broadcasting allows us to perform this computation without actually creating multiple copies of v. Consider this version, using broadcasting:

import numpy as np

# We will add the vector v to each row of the matrix x,
# storing the result in the matrix y
x = np.array([[1,2,3], [4,5,6], [7,8,9], [10, 11, 12]])
v = np.array([1, 0, 1])
y = x + v  # Add v to each row of x using broadcasting
print(y)

Broadcasting two arrays together follows these rules:

1. If the arrays do not have the same rank, prepend the shape of the lower rank array with 1s until both shapes have the same length.
2. The two arrays are said to be compatible in a dimension if they have the same size in the dimension, or if one of the arrays has size 1 in that dimension.
3. The arrays can be broadcast together if they are compatible in all dimensions.
4. After broadcasting, each array behaves as if it had shape equal to the elementwise maximum of shapes of the two input arrays.
5. In any dimension where one array had size 1 and the other array had size greater than 1, the first array behaves as if it were copied along that dimension

列加还是行加 要小心

Matplotlib.pyplot

Matplotlib is a plotting library. In this section give a brief introduction to the matplotlib.pyplot module, which provides a plotting system similar to that of MATLAB.

y_sin = np.sin(x)
y_cos = np.cos(x)

# Plot the points using matplotlib
plt.plot(x, y_sin)
plt.plot(x, y_cos)
plt.xlabel('x axis label')
plt.ylabel('y axis label')
plt.title('Sine and Cosine')
plt.legend(['Sine', 'Cosine'])

subplot

# Compute the x and y coordinates for points on sine and cosine curves
x = np.arange(0, 3 * np.pi, 0.1)
y_sin = np.sin(x)
y_cos = np.cos(x)

# Set up a subplot grid that has height 2 and width 1,
# and set the first such subplot as active.
plt.subplot(2, 1, 1)

# Make the first plot
plt.plot(x, y_sin)
plt.title('Sine')

# Set the second subplot as active, and make the second plot.
plt.subplot(2, 1, 2)
plt.plot(x, y_cos)
plt.title('Cosine')

# Show the figure.
plt.show()