复数的一些结果

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最新推荐文章于 2023-08-16 23:06:55 发布

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本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_46085369/article/details/108337264

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layout : post
pid : 25
title: 复数的一些结果
date: 2020-08-31 11:59:13 +0800
cover_url: http://ww1.sinaimg.cn/large/006bYYnlly1gi9s38pv0wj30jg0av0uu.jpg
category: Math

$a+ib=\sqrt{a^2+b^2} \angle arctan \dfrac{b}{a}=\sqrt{a^2+b^2} \angle arg (a+ib)$

一个错误的例子

$\int \frac{1}{x} dx= lnx = \int \frac{-1}{-x} dx = \int \frac{1}{-x} d(-x) =ln(-x)$

分圆方程

$\begin{aligned} z^n-1=0 \Rightarrow (z-1)(z^{n-1}+z^{n-2}+\cdots+z+1)=0 \Rightarrow z=cos(k \dfrac{2 \pi}{n})+isin(k \dfrac{2 \pi}{n}) \end{aligned}$

$\begin{aligned} (\cos \theta + i \sin \theta)^{-1}=\cos(-\theta)+i\sin(-\theta)= \cos \theta-\sin \theta \end{aligned}$
因而有
$\begin{aligned} 1=(\cos \theta + i \sin \theta)(\cos \theta-\sin \theta)=\cos ^2 \theta + \sin ^2 \theta \end{aligned}$

$\begin{aligned} \begin{cases} z= \cos \theta +i \sin \theta = e^{i \theta} \\ z^{-1}=\cos \theta - i \sin \theta =e^{-i \theta} \end{cases} \Rightarrow \begin{cases} \cos \theta=\dfrac{e^{i \theta}+e^{-i \theta}}{2} \\ \sin \theta =\dfrac{e^{i \theta}-e^{-i \theta}}{2i} \end{cases} \end{aligned}$

$\begin{aligned} \cos(\frac{1}{2} \theta)=\sqrt{\dfrac{1+\cos \theta}{2}}=\dfrac{\sqrt{2+2 \cos \theta}}{2} \end{aligned}$

$\begin{aligned} \sin \theta & =2\sin(\dfrac{1}{2} \theta) \cdot \cos(\dfrac{1}{2} \theta)\\ & = 2[2\sin(\dfrac{1}{4} \theta) \cdot \cos(\dfrac{1}{4} \theta)] \cdot \cos(\dfrac{1}{2} \theta)\\ & = 2^n \cos(\dfrac{1}{2} \theta)\cdot \cos(\dfrac{1}{4} \theta) \cdots \cos(\dfrac{1}{2^n} \theta)\cdot \dfrac{\sin(\dfrac{1}{2^n} \theta)}{\dfrac{1}{2^n}\theta} \end{aligned}$

$\begin{aligned} \dfrac{\sin \theta}{\theta}=\cos(\dfrac{1}{2} \theta) \cdot\cos(\dfrac{1}{4} \theta) \cdots \cos(\dfrac{1}{2^n} \theta)\cdot \dfrac{\sin(\dfrac{1}{2^n} \theta)}{\dfrac{1}{2^n} \theta} \end{aligned}$
Since
$\begin{aligned} \lim\limits_{n\to\infty} \dfrac{\sin(\dfrac{1}{2^n} \theta)}{\dfrac{1}{2^n} \theta} =1 \end{aligned}$
thus
$\begin{aligned} \dfrac{\sin \theta}{\theta}=\cos(\dfrac{1}{2} \theta) \cdot\cos(\dfrac{1}{4} \theta) \cdot \cos(\dfrac{1}{8} \theta) \cdots \end{aligned}$
Let
$\begin{aligned} \theta=\dfrac{\pi}{2} \end{aligned}$
then
$\begin{aligned} \dfrac{2}{\pi}=\cos(\dfrac{\pi}{4}) \cdot \cos(\dfrac{\pi}{8}) \cdot \cos(\dfrac{\pi}{16}) \cdots \end{aligned}$

$\begin{aligned} \coprod\limits_{k=2}^ \infty \cos(\dfrac{\pi}{2^k})=\dfrac{2}{\pi} \end{aligned}$
so
$\begin{aligned} \dfrac{2}{\pi}=\dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2} \times \dfrac{\sqrt{2+\sqrt{2}}}{2} \times \dfrac{\sqrt{2+\sqrt{2+\sqrt{2}}}}{2} \cdots \end{aligned}$

$\begin{aligned} (z+1)^n=z^n \end{aligned}$
$\begin{aligned} z \neq 0 \Rightarrow (\dfrac{z+1}{z})^n=1 \Rightarrow \dfrac{z+1}{z}= \cos(k \cdot \frac{2 \pi}{n})+i \sin(k \cdot \frac{2 \pi}{n}) \quad , k=0,1,\cdots,n-1 \end{aligned}$
$\begin{aligned} z\left[1- \cos(k \cdot \frac{2 \pi}{n})-i \sin(k \cdot \frac{2 \pi}{n})\right]=-1 \end{aligned}$
$\begin{aligned} z\left[2 \sin ^2 (k \cdot \frac{\pi}{n})-i2\sin(k \cdot \frac{\pi}{n})\cdot\cos(k \cdot \frac{\pi}{n})\right]=-1 \end{aligned}$
$\begin{aligned} -i2z\sin(k \cdot \frac{\pi}{n})\cdot\left[\cos(k \cdot \frac{\pi}{n})+i\sin(k \cdot \frac{\pi}{n})\right]=-1 \end{aligned}$
$\begin{aligned} \begin{aligned} z&=\dfrac{1}{i2\sin(k \cdot \dfrac{\pi}{n})\cdot\left[\cos(k \cdot \dfrac{\pi}{n})+i\sin(k \cdot \dfrac{\pi}{n})\right]}\\ &=\dfrac{\cos(k \cdot \dfrac{\pi}{n})-i\sin(k \cdot \dfrac{\pi}{n})}{12\sin(k \cdot \dfrac{\pi}{n})}\\ &=-\dfrac{1}{2}-i\dfrac{1}{2}\cot(k \cdot \dfrac{\pi}{n}) \end{aligned} k=0,1,\cdots,n-1 \end{aligned}$
因而 $z+1)^n=z^n$ 的每个解都位于一条与实轴相交于 $-\dfrac{1}{2}$ 的竖直线上。

科茨定理：如果一个正 $n$ 边形内接于一个半径为 $r$ 的圆周，而且点 $P$ 位于一条从圆心（即这个正 $n$ 边形的中心）到正 $n$ 边形一个顶点的直线上，与圆心的距离为 $a$ ，那么 $P$ 与所有这些顶点的距离之积为
$\begin{aligned} \begin{cases} a^n-r^n,if \quad a>r \\ r^n-a^n,if \quad a<r \end{cases} \end{aligned}$

首先，不失一般性，可以将圆心放在坐标轴的原点，并设想 $P$ 点位于实轴 $z = a$ 处，注意到正 $n$ 边形顶点的位置就是方程 $z^n-r^n=0$ 的解。用 $z_k$ 表示第 $k$ 个顶点的位置，则
$\begin{aligned} z^n-r^n=(z-z_1)(z-z_2)(z-z_3)\cdots(z-z_k) \end{aligned}$
利用积的绝对值等于绝对值之积这个事实，那么有
$\begin{aligned} |z^n-r^n|=|(z-z_1)|\cdot|(z-z_2)|\cdot|(z-z_3)|\cdots|(z-z_k)| \end{aligned}$
点 $z$ 是任意的，取 $z = a$ ，那么就有
$\begin{aligned} |(a-z_1)|\cdot|(a-z_2)|\cdot|(a-z_3)|\cdots|(a-z_k)|= \begin{cases} a^n-r^n,if \quad a>r \\ r^n-a^n,if \quad a<r \end{cases} \end{aligned}$

$\begin{aligned} \int_0^1x^xdx & =\int_0^1e^{x\ln x}dx\\ & =\int_0^1\left[\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}\dfrac{(x \ln x)^k}{k!}\right]dx\\ & =\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}\dfrac{1}{k!}\left[\int_0^1(x \ln x)^kdx\right]\\ & =\sum_{k=0}^\infty \dfrac{1}{k!} \dfrac{(-1)^k k!}{(k+1)^{k+1}}\\ & =1-\dfrac{1}{2^2}+\dfrac{1}{3^3}-\dfrac{1}{4^4}+\dfrac{1}{5^5}-\cdots \end{aligned}$

$\begin{aligned} \cos(x+iy)&=\\ & =\dfrac{e^{i(x+iy)}+e^{-i(x+iy)}}{2}\\ &=\dfrac{e^{ix}e^{-y}+e^{-ix}e^{y}}{2}\\ &=\dfrac{e^{-y}(\cos x +i\sin x)+e^y(\cos x -i \sin x)}{2}\\ &=\cos x \dfrac{e^y+e^{-y}}{2}-i\sin x \dfrac{e^y-e^{-y}}{2}\\ &=\cos x \cosh y - i\sin x \sinh y \end{aligned}$

其中的双曲余弦和双曲正弦分别定义为

$\begin{aligned} \cosh y= \dfrac{e^y+e^{-y}}{2} \quad \sinh \dfrac{e^y-e^{-y}}{2} \end{aligned}$

同样地：

$\begin{aligned} \sin(x+iy) = \sin x \cosh y +i \cos x \sinh y \end{aligned}$

如果 $x = 0$ ，则有 $\cos(iy)=\cosh y$ ， $\sin(iy)=i\sinh y$ 。

$\begin{aligned} 1= \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0\\ 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix} , i= \begin{bmatrix} 0 & -1 \\ 1 & 0 \end{bmatrix} \end{aligned}$

$\begin{aligned} a+ib= \begin{bmatrix} a & -b \\ b & a \end{bmatrix} \end{aligned}$

旋转操作,以逆时针旋转 $\theta$ 为例：

$\begin{aligned} (x+iy)(\cos\theta+i\sin\theta)=x\cos\theta-y\sin\theta+i(x\sin\theta+y\cos\theta) \end{aligned}$

$\begin{aligned} \begin{cases} x & = r\cos\alpha\\ y & = r\sin\alpha \end{cases} \Rightarrow \begin{cases} x' & = r\cos(\alpha+\theta) \\ y' & = r\sin(\alpha+\theta) \end{cases} or \begin{cases} x' & = x\cos\theta-y\sin\theta \\ y' & = x\sin\theta+y\cos\theta \end{cases} \end{aligned}$

计算 $\int_0^\pi\cos^n\theta\cos n \theta d\theta$ ， $n$ 是一个任意的非负整数。
由恒等式
$\begin{aligned} 2\cos\theta e^{i\theta}=1+e^{i2\theta} \end{aligned}$
有
$\begin{aligned} 2^n\cos^n\theta e^{in\theta}=(1+e^{i2\theta})^n \end{aligned}$
把 $\theta$ 换为 $-\theta$ ，有
$\begin{aligned} 2^n\cos^n\theta e^{-in\theta}=(1+e^{-i2\theta})^n \end{aligned}$
这两式相加，有
$\begin{aligned} 2^n\cos^n\theta(e^{in\theta}+e^{-in\theta})=2^{n+1}\cos^n\theta\cos n\theta=(1+e^{i2\theta})^n+(1+e^{-i2\theta})^n \end{aligned}$
因而
$\begin{aligned} 2^{n+1}\int_0^\pi\cos^n\theta\cos n\theta d\theta=\int_0^\pi(1+e^{i2\theta})^n+(1+e^{-i2\theta})^nd\theta \end{aligned}$
右侧取所有下述形式的积分都为 $0$ :
$\begin{aligned} \int_0^\pi e^{ik(2\theta)}d\theta,k=\pm1,\pm2,\cdots,\pm n \end{aligned}$
因而
$\begin{aligned} 2^{n+1}\int_0^\pi\cos^n\theta\cos n\theta d\theta=\int_0^\pi2d\theta=2\pi \end{aligned}$
即
$\begin{aligned} \int_0^\pi\cos^n\theta\cos n\theta d\theta=\dfrac{\pi}{2^n},n=0,1,2,\cdots \end{aligned}$