8.1:定义函数
打印问候语简单函数,名为greet_user ():
# def:函数定义
def greet_user():
# 文档字符串的注释,藐视函数是做什么的
"""显示简单的问候语"""
# 打印Hello
print("Hello!")
# 调用函数定义
greet_user()
运行结果:
Hello!
8.1.1: 向函数传递信息
让函数greet_user() 不仅向用户显示Hello!,还将用户的名字作为抬头。在函数定义def greet_user ()的括号内添加username。 通过添加username,让函数接受你给username指定的任何值。
def greet_user(username):
"""显示简单的问候语"""
print(f"Hello, {username.title()}!")
# 代码greet_user('jesse') 调用函数greet_user(),并向它提供执行函数调用print()所需的信息
greet_user('jesse')
8.1.2:实参和形参
在函数greet_user () 定义中,变量username是一个形参(parameter),即函数完成工作所需的信息。在代码greet_user('jesse')中,值'jesse'是一个实参(argument),即调用函数时传递给函数的信息。
8.2:传递实参
函数定义中可能包含多个形参,因此函数调用中也可能包含多个实参。(实参的顺序与形参的顺序相同)
8.2.1: 位置实参
例子:指出一个宠物属于哪种动物以及它叫什么名字:
def describe_pet(animal_type, pet_name):
"""显示宠物的信息"""
print(f"\nI have a {animal_type}.")
print(f"My {animal_type}'s name is {pet_name.title()}.")
describe_pet('hamster', 'harry')
a. 多次调用函数:
可根据需要调用函数任意次。要再描述一个宠物,只需要再次调用describe_pet()即可:
def describe_pet(animal_type, pet_name):
"""显示宠物的信息"""
print(f"\nI have a {animal_type}.")
print(f"My {animal_type}'s name is {pet_name.title()}.")
describe_pet('hamster', 'harry')
describe_pet('dog', 'willie')
b . 为止实参的顺序很重要:
使用位置实参来调用函数时,如果实参的顺序不正确,结果可能出乎意料。
def describe_pet(animal_type, pet_name):
"""显示宠物的信息"""
print(f"\nI have a {animal_type}.")
print(f"My {animal_type}'s name is {pet_name.title()}.")
describe_pet('harry', 'hamster')
8.2.2: 关键字实参
def describe_pet(animal_type, pet_name):
"""显示宠物的信息"""
print(f"\nI have a {animal_type}.")
print(f"My {animal_type}'s name is {pet_name.title()}.")
describe_pet(animal_type='hamster', pet_name='harry')
使用关键字实参时,务必准确指定函数定义中的形参名
8.2.3: 默认值
编写函数时,可给每个形参指定默认值。在调用函数中给形参提供了实参时,python将使用指定的实参值;否则,将使用形参的默认值。
def describe_pet(pet_name, animal_type='dog'):
"""显示宠物的信息"""
print(f"\nI have a {animal_type}.")
print(f"My {animal_type}'s name is {pet_name.title()}.")
describe_pet(pet_name='willie')
8.2.4 等效的函数调用
def describe_pet(pet_name, animal_type='dog'):
"""显示宠物的信息"""
print(f"\nI have a {animal_type}.")
print(f"My {animal_type}'s name is {pet_name.title()}.")
describe_pet('willie')
describe_pet(pet_name='willie')
describe_pet('harry', 'hamster')
describe_pet(pet_name='harry', animal_type='hamster')
describe_pet(animal_type='hamster', pet_name='harry')
运行结果:
I have a dog.
My dog's name is Willie.
I have a dog.
My dog's name is Willie.
I have a hamster.
My hamster's name is Harry.
I have a hamster.
My hamster's name is Harry.
I have a hamster.
My hamster's name is Harry.
8.2.5:避免实参错误
如果调用函数describe_pet()时,没有制定任何实参,结果会报错:
def describe_pet(pet_name, animal_type='dog'):
"""显示宠物的信息"""
print(f"\nI have a {animal_type}.")
print(f"My {animal_type}'s name is {pet_name.title()}.")
describe_pet()
运行结果:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "ex.py", line 6, in <module>
describe_pet()
TypeError: describe_pet() missing 1 required positional argument: 'pet_name'
8.3 :返回值
函数并非总是直接显示输出,它还可以处理一些数据,并返回一个或一组值。函数返回的值称为返回值。
8.3.1 返回简单值
例子:函数,它接受名和姓并返回整洁的姓名;
使用return语句,将值返回到调用函数的代码行。
def get_formatted_name(first_name, last_name):
"""返回整洁的姓名"""
full_name = f"{first_name} {last_name}"
return full_name.title()
musician = get_formatted_name('jimi', 'hendrix')
print(musician)
8.3.2:让实参变成可选的
使用默认值来让实参变成可选的
例子:
def get_formatted_name(first_name, middle_name, last_name):
"""返回整洁的姓名"""
full_name = f"{first_name} {middle_name} {last_name}"
return full_name.title()
musician = get_formatted_name('john', 'lee', 'hooker')
print(musician)
运行结果:
John Lee Hooker
另一个例子:
def get_formatted_name(first_name, last_name, middle_name=""):
"""返回整洁的姓名"""
if middle_name:
full_name = f"{first_name} {middle_name} {last_name}"
else:
full_name = f"{first_name} {last_name} "
return full_name.title()
musician = get_formatted_name('jimi', 'hendrix')
print(musician)
musician = get_formatted_name('john', 'hooker', 'lee')
print(musician)
运行结果:
Jimi Hendrix
John Lee Hooker
8.3.3 : 返回字典
函数可返回任何类型的值,包括列表和字典等较复杂的数据结构:
def build_person(first_name, last_name):
"""返回一个字典,其中包含有关一个人的信息"""
person = {'first': first_name, 'last': last_name}
# 返回表示人的整个字典
return person
musician = build_person('jimi', 'hendrix')
print(musician)
运行结果:
{'first': 'jimi', 'last': 'hendrix'}
在函数定义中,新增一个可选形参age,并将其默认值设置为特殊值None(表示变量没有值)。可将None视为占位符。
def build_person(first_name, last_name, age=None):
"""返回一个字典,其中包含有关一个人的信息"""
person = {'first': first_name, 'last': last_name}
if age:
person['age'] = age
return person
musician = build_person('jimi', 'hendrix', age=27)
print(musician)
运行结果:
{'first': 'jimi', 'last': 'hendrix', 'age': 27}
8.3.4 结合使用函数和while循环
结合使用函数get_formatted_name()和while循环,以更正式的方式问候用户。
def get_formatted_name(first_name, last_name):
"""返回整洁的姓名"""
full_name = f"{first_name} {last_name}"
return full_name.title()
# 这是一个无限循环!
while True:
print("\nPlease tell me your name: ")
print("(enter 'q' at any time to quit)")
f_name = input("First name: ")
if f_name == 'q':
break
l_name = input("Last name: ")
if l_name == 'q':
break
formatted_name = get_formatted_name(f_name, l_name)
print(f"\nHello, {formatted_name}!")
运行结果:
Please tell me your name:
(enter 'q' at any time to quit)
First name: NING
Last name: LI
Hello, Ning Li!
Please tell me your name:
(enter 'q' at any time to quit)
First name: q
8.4: 传递列表
def greet_users(names):
"""向列表中的每位用户发出简单的问候"""
for name in names:
msg = f"Hello, {name.title()}! "
print(msg)
usernames = ['hannah', 'ty', 'margot']
greet_users(usernames)
运行结果:
Hello, Hannah!
Hello, Ty!
Hello, Margot!
8.4.1 :在函数中修改列表
将列表传递给函数后,函数就可对其进行修改。在函数中对这个列表所做的任何修改都是永久性的。
# 首先创建一个列表,其中包含一些要打印的设计
unprinted_designs = ['phone case', 'robot pendant', 'dodecahedron']
completed_models = []
# 模拟打印每个设计,直到没有未打印的设计为止
# 打印每个设计后,都将其移到列表completed_models中
while unprinted_designs:
current_design = unprinted_designs.pop()
print(f"Printing models: {current_design}")
completed_models.append(current_design)
# 显示打印好的所有模型
print("\nThe following models have been printed:")
for completed_model in completed_models:
print(completed_model)
运行结果:
Printing models: dodecahedron
Printing models: robot pendant
Printing models: phone case
The following models have been printed:
dodecahedron
robot pendant
phone case
使用def来表达:
def print_models(unprinted_designs, completed_models):
"""
模拟打印每个设计,直到没有未打印的设计为止
打印每个设计后,都将其移到列表completed_models中
"""
while unprinted_designs:
current_design = unprinted_designs.pop()
print(f"Printing model: {current_design}")
completed_models.append(current_design)
def show_completed_models(completed_models):
"""显示打印所有的模型"""
print("\nThe following models have been printed: ")
for completed_model in completed_models:
print(completed_model)
unprinted_designs = ['phone case', 'robot pendant', 'dodecahedron']
completed_models = []
print_models(unprinted_designs, completed_models)
show_completed_models(completed_models)
运行结果:
Printing model: dodecahedron
Printing model: robot pendant
Printing model: phone case
The following models have been printed:
dodecahedron
robot pendant
phone case
8.4.2: 禁止函数修改列表
要将列表的副本传递给函数,可以像下面这样做:
切片表示法 [:] 创建列表的副本
function_name(list_name[:])
例如:
def print_models(unprinted_designs, completed_models):
"""
模拟打印每个设计,直到没有未打印的设计为止
打印每个设计后,都将其移到列表completed_models中
"""
while unprinted_designs:
current_design = unprinted_designs.pop()
print(f"Printing model: {current_design}")
completed_models.append(current_design)
def show_completed_models(completed_models):
"""显示打印所有的模型"""
print("\nThe following models have been printed: ")
for completed_model in completed_models:
print(completed_model)
unprinted_designs = ['phone case', 'robot pendant', 'dodecahedron']
completed_models = []
print_models(unprinted_designs[:], completed_models)
show_completed_models(completed_models)
运行结果:
Printing model: dodecahedron
Printing model: robot pendant
Printing model: phone case
The following models have been printed:
dodecahedron
robot pendant
phone case
8.5:传递任意数量的实参
预先不知道函数需要接受多少个实参,好在python允许函数从调用语句中收集任意数量的实参
# 形参名*toppings 中的星号让Python创建一个名为toppings的空元组,并将收到的所有值都封装到这个元组中;
def make_pizza(*toppings):
"""打印顾客点的所有配料"""
print(toppings)
make_pizza('pepperoni')
make_pizza('mushrooms', 'green peppers', 'extra cheese')
使用函数调用print()替换为一个循环
def make_pizza(*toppings):
"""概述要制作的比萨"""
print("\nMaking a pizza with the following toppings: ")
for topping in toppings:
print(f"- {topping}")
make_pizza('pepperoni')
make_pizza('mushrooms', 'green peppers', 'extra cheese')
运行结果:
Making a pizza with the following toppings:
- pepperoni
Making a pizza with the following toppings:
- mushrooms
- green peppers
- extra cheese
8.5.1:结合使用位置实参和任意数量实参
如果要让函数接受不同类型的实参,必须在函数定义中将接纳任意数量实参的形参放在的最后
def make_pizza(size, *toppings):
"""概述要制作的比萨"""
print(f"\nMaking a {size}-inch pizza with the following toppings: ")
for topping in toppings:
print(f"-{topping}")
make_pizza(16, 'pepperoni')
make_pizza(12, 'mushrooms', 'green peppers', 'extra cheese')
运行结果:
Making a 16-inch pizza with the following toppings:
-pepperoni
Making a 12-inch pizza with the following toppings:
-mushrooms
-green peppers
-extra cheese
8.5.2 :使用任意数量的关键字实参
def build_profile(first, last, **user_info):
"""创建一个字典,其中包含我们直到的有关用户的一切"""
user_info["first_name"] = first
user_info["last_name"] = last
return user_info
user_profile = build_profile('albert', 'einstein', location='princeton', field='physics')
print(user_profile)
运行结果:
{'location': 'princeton', 'field': 'physics', 'first_name': 'albert', 'last_name': 'einstein'}
8.6 :将函数存储在模块中
使用函数的优点之一是可将代码块与主程序分离。还可以将函数存储在称为模块的独立文件中,再将模块导入到主程序中。
8.6.1 :导入整个模块
要让函数是可导入的,得先创建模块,模块是扩展名为.py的文件,包含要导入的程序中的代码。
import pizza
pizza.make_pizza(16, 'pepperoni')
pizza.make_pizza(12, 'mushrooms', 'green peppers', 'extra cheese')
运行结果:
Making a 16-inch pizza with the following toppings:
- pepperoni
Making a 12-inch pizza with the following toppings:
- mushrooms
- green peppers
- extra cheese
如果使用这种import语句导入了名为module.name.py的整个模块,就可使用下面的语法来使用其中任何一个函数:
module_name.function_name ()
8.6.2 :导入特定的函数
导入模块中的特定函数,这种导入方法的语法如下:
from module_name import function_name
通过用逗号分隔函数名,可根据需要从模块中导入任意数量的函数:
from module_name import function_0, function_1, function_2
如果想要导入要使用的函数,代码将类似于下面;由于在import语句中显式地导入了函数make_pizza(), 调用时只需指定其名称即可。
from pizza import make_pizza
make_pizza(16, 'pepperoni')
make_pizza(12, 'mushrooms', 'green peppers', 'extra cheese')
8.6.3:使用as给函数指定别名
要给函数取特殊外号,需要在导入它时指定;下面给函数make_pizza()指定了别名mp();
from pizza import make_pizza as mp
mp(16, 'pepperoni')
mp(12, 'mushrooms', 'green peppers', 'extra cheese')
运行结果:
Making a 16-inch pizza with the following toppings:
- pepperoni
Making a 12-inch pizza with the following toppings:
- mushrooms
- green peppers
- extra cheese
上面的import语句将函数make_pizza()重命名为mp();每当需要调用make_pizza ()时,都可简写成mp()
指定别名的通用语法如下:
from module_name import function_name as fn
8.6.5:导入模块中的所有函数
使用星号(*)运算符可让python导入模块中的所有函数:
from pizza import *
make_pizza(16, 'pepperoni')
make_pizza(12, 'mushrooms', 'green peppers', 'extra cheese')
运行结果:
Making a 16-inch pizza with the following toppings:
- pepperoni
Making a 12-inch pizza with the following toppings:
- mushrooms
- green peppers
- extra cheese
语法如下:
from module_name import *
8.7: 函数编写指南
给形参指定默认值时,等号两边不要有空格
def function_name(parameter_0, parameter_1='default value')
对于函数调用中的关键字实参,也应遵循这种约定
function_name(value_0, parameter_1='value')
大多数编辑器会自动对齐后续参数列表:
def function_name(
parameter_0, parameter_1, parameter_2,
parameter_3, parameter_4, parameter_5):
function body...