随机误差的合成_误差合成-CSDN博客

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_46153372/article/details/144211828

随机误差的合成

一、基本计算公式
二、随机误差合成中的置信概率
三、例题

随机误差是用标准差 $\sigma$ （或其估计值标准差 $\sigma _{s}$ ）或极限测量误差 $\delta_{lim}$ 来表示，随机误差的合成，主要是在一定置信概率条件下精度参数 $\sigma$ 或 $\delta_{lim}$ 的合成。

一、基本计算公式

由前面可知，各直接测量值 $x_{i}$ 与合成后的量值 $y$ 之间的一般函数关系为
$y=f(x_{1},x_{2},\cdots ,x_{m})$
设对各 $x_{i}$ 值都重复测量 $n$ 次，其随机误差 $\delta x_{i,j}(i=1\sim m,j=1\sim n)$ 如下：
$\begin{matrix} \qquad \qquad对x_{1}有\delta x_{11},\delta x_{12},\cdots ,\delta x_{1n}\\ \qquad \qquad对x_{2}有\delta x_{21},\delta x_{22},\cdots ,\delta x_{2n}\\ \vdots \\ \qquad \qquad对x_{m}有\delta x_{m1},\delta x_{m2},\cdots ,\delta x_{mn}\\ \overline{\quad \,相应地对y有\delta y_{1},\, \delta y_{2},\,\cdots ,\quad\delta y_{n}} \end{matrix}$
纵向归纳，按公式 $\Delta y=\frac{\partial f}{\partial x_{1}}\Delta x_{1}+\frac{\partial f}{\partial x_{2}}\Delta x_{2}+\cdots +\frac{\partial f}{\partial x_{m}}\Delta x_{m}$ 可得以下各式：
$\left.\begin{matrix} \delta y_{1}=\frac{\partial f}{\partial x_{1}}\delta x_{11}+\frac{\partial f}{\partial x_{2}}\delta x_{21}+\cdots +\frac{\partial f}{\partial x_{m}}\delta x_{m1}\\ \delta y_{2}=\frac{\partial f}{\partial x_{1}}\delta x_{12}+\frac{\partial f}{\partial x_{2}}\delta x_{22}+\cdots +\frac{\partial f}{\partial x_{m}}\delta x_{m2}\\ \vdots \\ \delta y_{n}=\frac{\partial f}{\partial x_{1}}\delta x_{1n}+\frac{\partial f}{\partial x_{2}}\delta x_{2n}+\cdots +\frac{\partial f}{\partial x_{m}}\delta x_{mn} \end{matrix}\right\}\cdots \cdots (1)$
将以上各式一一平方后得：
$\left.\begin{matrix} \delta y_{1}^{2}=(\frac{\partial f}{\partial x_{1}})^{2}\delta x_{11}^{2}+(\frac{\partial f}{\partial x_{2}})^{2}\delta x_{21}^{2}+\cdots +(\frac{\partial f}{\partial x_{m}})^{2}\delta x_{m1}^{2}+\sum_{i\neq j}\frac{\partial f}{\partial x_{i}} \cdot \frac{\partial f}{\partial x_{j}}\delta _{i_{1}}\delta _{j_{1}}\\ \delta y_{1}^{2}=(\frac{\partial f}{\partial x_{1}})^{2}\delta x_{12}^{2}+(\frac{\partial f}{\partial x_{2}})^{2}\delta x_{22}^{2}+\cdots +(\frac{\partial f}{\partial x_{m}})^{2}\delta x_{m2}^{2}+\sum_{i\neq j}\frac{\partial f}{\partial x_{i}} \cdot \frac{\partial f}{\partial x_{j}}\delta _{i_{2}}\delta _{j_{2}}\\ \vdots \\ \delta y_{1}^{2}=(\frac{\partial f}{\partial x_{1}})^{2}\delta x_{1n}^{2}+(\frac{\partial f}{\partial x_{2}})^{2}\delta x_{2n}^{2}+\cdots +(\frac{\partial f}{\partial x_{m}})^{2}\delta x_{mn}^{2}+\sum_{i\neq j}\frac{\partial f}{\partial x_{i}} \cdot \frac{\partial f}{\partial x_{j}}\delta _{i_{n}}\delta _{j_{n}} \end{matrix}\right\}\cdots \cdots (2)$