R语言实战(一)

age <- c(1,3,5,2,11,9,3,9,12,3)
weight <- c(4.4,5.3,7.2,5.2,8.5,7.3,6.0,10.4,10.2,6.6)
plot(age,weight)
demo()
help.start()
vignette()
getwd()
setwd("/Users/liyuting/Rwork")
getwd()
setwd("/Users/liyuting/Rcode")
getwd()
ls()

options(digits = 3)
x <- runif(20)
summary(x)
hist(x)
q()
.libPaths()
library()
search()
install.packages()
install.packages("gclus")
installed.packages()
help(package = "Hmisc")
library(Hmisc)
help(package = "Hmisc")
help.start()
install.packages("vcd")
help(package = "vcd")
library(vcd)
help("Arthritis")
Arthritis
example(Arthritis)
a <- c("k","j","h","a","c","m")
a[3]
a[c(1,3,5)]
a[2:6]
y <- matrix(1:20,nrow = 5,ncol = 4)
y
cells <- c(1,26,24,68)
rnames <- c("R1","R2")
cnames <- c("C1","C2")
mymatrix <- matrix(cells,nrow = 2,ncol = 2,byrow = TRUE,dimnames = list(rnames,cnames))
mymatrix
mymatrix <- matrix(cells,nrow = 2,ncol = 2,byrow = FALSE,dimnames = list(rnames,cnames))
mymatrix
x <- matrix(1:10,nrow = 2)#创建一个内容为数字1到10的2*5矩阵，默认情况下矩阵按列填充
x[2,]#选择第2行的元素
x[,2]#选择第2列的元素
x[1,4]#选择第一行第四列的元素
x[1,c(4,5)]#位于第一行第四、第五列的元素
#数组
dim1 <- c("A1","A2")
dim2 <- c("B1","B2","B3")
dim3 <- c("C1","C2","C3","C4")
z <- array(1:24,c(2,3,4),dimnames = list(dim1,dim2,dim3))
z#以上创建了数组z
z[1,2,3]#从数组中选取元素的方式与矩阵相同
#数据框
#创建一个数据框
patientID <- c(1,2,3,4)
age <- c(25,34,28,52)
diabetes <- c("Type1","Type2","Type1","Type1")
status <- c("Poor","Improved","Excellent","Poor")
patientdata <- data.frame(patientID,age,diabetes,status)
patientdata
#选取数据框中的元素
patientdata[1:2]#选取数据框中的前两列
patientdata[c("diabetes","status")]
patientdata$age#选取数据框中的某个特定变量
table(patientdata$diabetes,patientdata$status)#生成两个变量的列联表
mpg <- c(25,36,47)
attach(mtcars)
plot(mpg,wt)
mpg
with(mtcars,{
  print(summary(mpg))
  plot(mpg,disp)
  plot(mpg,wt)
})
with(mtcars,{
  stats <- summary(mpg)
  stats
})
stats
with(mtcars,{
  nokeepstats <- summary(mpg)#with赋值仅限于在此函数的括号内生效
  keepstats <<- summary(mpg)#特殊赋值符<<-可将对象保存到with()之外的全局环境中
})
nokeepstats
keepstats
#实例标识符
patientdata <- data.frame(patientID,age,diabetes,
                          status,row.names = patientID)#实例标识符通过数据框操作函数中的rowname选项指定
diabetes <- c("Type1","Type2","Type1","Type1")
diabetes <- factor(diabetes)#函数factor()以一个整数向量的形式存储类别值
status <- c("Poor","Improved","Excellent","Poor")
status <- factor(status,ordered = TRUE)
status
status <- factor(status,ordered = TRUE,
                 levels = c("Poor","Improved","Excellent"))
status
sex <- factor(sex,levels = c(1,2),labels = c("Male","Female"))
sex
#因子的使用
patientID <- c(1,2,3,4)#以向量形式输入数据
age <- c(25,34,28,52)#以向量形式输入数据
diabetes <- c("Type1","Type2","Type1","Type1")#以向量形式输入数据
status <- c("Poor","Improved","Excellent","Poor")#以向量形式输入数据
diabetes <- factor(diabetes)
status <- factor(status,order = TRUE)
patientdata <- data.frame(patientID,age,diabetes,status)
str(patientdata)#显示对象的结构
summary(patientdata)#显示对象的统计概要
#列表
#创建一个列表,本例创建了一个列表，其中有四个成分：一个字符串、一个数值型向量、一个矩阵以及一个
#字符型向量，可以组合任意多的对象，并将它们保存为一个列表
g <- "My First List"
h <- c(25,26,18,39)
j <- matrix(1:10,nrow = 5)
k <- c("one","two","three")
mylist <- list(title=g, age=h, j, k)#创建列表
mylist#输出整个列表
mylist[[2]]#输出第二个成分
mylist[["age"]]

#赋值
x <- c(8,6,4)
x[7] <- 10
x
x <- x[1:3]
x
x[1]#R中的下标不从0开始，而从1开始