free
FREE(1) User Commands FREE(1)
NAME
free - Display amount of free and used memory in the system
SYNOPSIS
free [options]
DESCRIPTION
free displays the total amount of free and used physical and swap memory in the system, as well as the buffers and caches used by the kernel. The information is gathered by pars‐
ing /proc/meminfo. The displayed columns are:
total Total installed memory (MemTotal and SwapTotal in /proc/meminfo)
used Used memory (calculated as total - free - buffers - cache)
free Unused memory (MemFree and SwapFree in /proc/meminfo)
shared Memory used (mostly) by tmpfs (Shmem in /proc/meminfo, available on kernels 2.6.32, displayed as zero if not available)
buffers
Memory used by kernel buffers (Buffers in /proc/meminfo)
cache Memory used by the page cache and slabs (Cached and SReclaimable in /proc/meminfo)
buff/cache
Sum of buffers and cache
available
Estimation of how much memory is available for starting new applications, without swapping. Unlike the data provided by the cache or free fields, this field takes into
account page cache and also that not all reclaimable memory slabs will be reclaimed due to items being in use (MemAvailable in /proc/meminfo, available on kernels 3.14,
emulated on kernels 2.6.27+, otherwise the same as free)
OPTIONS
-b, --bytes
Display the amount of memory in bytes.
-k, --kilo
Display the amount of memory in kilobytes. This is the default.
-m, --mega
Display the amount of memory in megabytes.
-g, --giga
Display the amount of memory in gigabytes.
--tera Display the amount of memory in terabytes.
--peta Display the amount of memory in petabytes.
-h, --human
Show all output fields automatically scaled to shortest three digit unit and display the units of print out. Following units are used.
B = bytes
K = kilos
M = megas
G = gigas
T = teras
P = petas
If unit is missing, and you have exabyte of RAM or swap, the number is in terabytes and columns might not be aligned with header.
-w, --wide
Switch to the wide mode. The wide mode produces lines longer than 80 characters. In this mode buffers and cache are reported in two separate columns.
-c, --count count
Display the result count times. Requires the -s option.
-l, --lohi
Show detailed low and high memory statistics.
-s, --seconds seconds
Continuously display the result delay seconds apart. You may actually specify any floating point number for delay, usleep(3) is used for microsecond resolution delay
times.
--si Use power of 1000 not 1024.
-t, --total
Display a line showing the column totals.
--help Print help.
-V, --version
Display version information.
FILES
/proc/meminfo
memory information
SEE ALSO
ps(1), slabtop(1), top(1), vmstat(8).
AUTHORS
Written by Brian Edmonds.
REPORTING BUGS
Please send bug reports to ⟨procps@freelists.org⟩
procps-ng July 2014 FREE(1)
netstat
[root@leyshine ~]# netstat -lt
Active Internet connections (only servers)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State
tcp 0 0 localhost:ipp 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 localhost:smtp 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:sunrpc 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 leyshine.com:domain 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:ssh 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp6 0 0 localhost:ipp [::]:* LISTEN
tcp6 0 0 localhost:smtp [::]:* LISTEN
tcp6 0 0 [::]:sunrpc [::]:* LISTEN
tcp6 0 0 [::]:http [::]:* LISTEN
tcp6 0 0 [::]:ssh [::]:* LISTEN
[root@leyshine ~]# netstat -ltn
Active Internet connections (only servers)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State
tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:631 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:25 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:111 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 192.168.122.1:53 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp6 0 0 ::1:631 :::* LISTEN
tcp6 0 0 ::1:25 :::* LISTEN
tcp6 0 0 :::111 :::* LISTEN
tcp6 0 0 :::80 :::* LISTEN
tcp6 0 0 :::22 :::* LISTEN
[root@leyshine ~]# netstat -ltnp
Active Internet connections (only servers)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State PID/Program name
tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:631 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 1073/cupsd
tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:25 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 1553/master
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:111 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 1/systemd
tcp 0 0 192.168.122.1:53 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 1620/dnsmasq
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 1076/sshd
tcp6 0 0 ::1:631 :::* LISTEN 1073/cupsd
tcp6 0 0 ::1:25 :::* LISTEN 1553/master
tcp6 0 0 :::111 :::* LISTEN 1/systemd
tcp6 0 0 :::80 :::* LISTEN 1090/httpd
tcp6 0 0 :::22 :::* LISTEN 1076/sshd
[root@leyshine ~]# netstat -ltp
Active Internet connections (only servers)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State PID/Program name
tcp 0 0 localhost:ipp 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 1073/cupsd
tcp 0 0 localhost:smtp 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 1553/master
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:sunrpc 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 1/systemd
tcp 0 0 leyshine.com:domain 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 1620/dnsmasq
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:ssh 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 1076/sshd
tcp6 0 0 localhost:ipp [::]:* LISTEN 1073/cupsd
tcp6 0 0 localhost:smtp [::]:* LISTEN 1553/master
tcp6 0 0 [::]:sunrpc [::]:* LISTEN 1/systemd
tcp6 0 0 [::]:http [::]:* LISTEN 1090/httpd
tcp6 0 0 [::]:ssh [::]:* LISTEN 1076/sshd
NAME
netstat - Print network connections, routing tables, interface statistics, masquerade connections, and multicast memberships
SYNOPSIS
netstat [address_family_options] [--tcp|-t] [--udp|-u] [--udplite|-U] [--sctp|-S] [--raw|-w] [--listening|-l] [--all|-a] [--numeric|-n] [--numeric-hosts]
[--numeric-ports] [--numeric-users] [--symbolic|-N] [--extend|-e[--extend|-e]] [--timers|-o] [--program|-p] [--verbose|-v] [--continuous|-c] [--wide|-W] [delay]
netstat {--route|-r} [address_family_options] [--extend|-e[--extend|-e]] [--verbose|-v] [--numeric|-n] [--numeric-hosts] [--numeric-ports] [--numeric-users] [--continu‐
ous|-c] [delay]
netstat {--interfaces|-I|-i} [--all|-a] [--extend|-e] [--verbose|-v] [--program|-p] [--numeric|-n] [--numeric-hosts] [--numeric-ports] [--numeric-users] [--continuous|-c]
[delay]
netstat {--groups|-g} [--numeric|-n] [--numeric-hosts] [--numeric-ports] [--numeric-users] [--continuous|-c] [delay]
netstat {--masquerade|-M} [--extend|-e] [--numeric|-n] [--numeric-hosts] [--numeric-ports] [--numeric-users] [--continuous|-c] [delay]
netstat {--statistics|-s} [--tcp|-t] [--udp|-u] [--udplite|-U] [--sctp|-S] [--raw|-w] [delay]
netstat {--version|-V}
netstat {--help|-h}
address_family_options:
[-4|--inet] [-6|--inet6] [--protocol={inet,inet6,unix,ipx,ax25,netrom,ddp, ... } ] [--unix|-x] [--inet|--ip|--tcpip] [--ax25] [--x25] [--rose] [--ash] [--ipx] [--netrom]
[--ddp|--appletalk] [--econet|--ec]
NOTES
This program is obsolete. Replacement for netstat is ss. Replacement for netstat -r is ip route. Replacement for netstat -i is ip -s link. Replacement for netstat -g
is ip maddr.
DESCRIPTION
Netstat prints information about the Linux networking subsystem. The type of information printed is controlled by the first argument, as follows:
(none)
By default, netstat displays a list of open sockets. If you don't specify any address families, then the active sockets of all configured address families will be
printed.
--route , -r
Display the kernel routing tables. See the description in route(8) for details. netstat -r and route -e produce the same output.
--groups , -g
Display multicast group membership information for IPv4 and IPv6.
--interfaces=iface , -I=iface , -i
Display a table of all network interfaces, or the specified iface.
--masquerade , -M
Display a list of masqueraded connections.
--statistics , -s
Display summary statistics for each protocol.
OPTIONS
--verbose , -v
Tell the user what is going on by being verbose. Especially print some useful information about unconfigured address families.
--wide , -W
Do not truncate IP addresses by using output as wide as needed. This is optional for now to not break existing scripts.
--numeric , -n
Show numerical addresses instead of trying to determine symbolic host, port or user names.
--numeric-hosts
shows numerical host addresses but does not affect the resolution of port or user names.
--numeric-ports
shows numerical port numbers but does not affect the resolution of host or user names.
--numeric-users
shows numerical user IDs but does not affect the resolution of host or port names.
--protocol=family , -A
Specifies the address families (perhaps better described as low level protocols) for which connections are to be shown. family is a comma (',') separated list of address
family keywords like inet, inet6, unix, ipx, ax25, netrom, econet, and ddp. This has the same effect as using the --inet|-4, --inet6|-6, --unix|-x, --ipx, --ax25,
--netrom, and --ddp options.
The address family inet (Iv4) includes raw, udp, udplite and tcp protocol sockets.
-c, --continuous
This will cause netstat to print the selected information every second continuously.
-e, --extend
Display additional information. Use this option twice for maximum detail.
-o, --timers
Include information related to networking timers.
-p, --program
Show the PID and name of the program to which each socket belongs.
-l, --listening
Show only listening sockets. (These are omitted by default.)
-a, --all
Show both listening and non-listening (for TCP this means established connections) sockets. With the --interfaces option, show interfaces that are not up
-F
Print routing information from the FIB. (This is the default.)
-C
Print routing information from the route cache.
delay
Netstat will cycle printing through statistics every delay seconds.
OUTPUT
Active Internet connections (TCP, UDP, UDPLite, raw)
Proto
The protocol (tcp, udp, udpl, raw) used by the socket.
Recv-Q
Established: The count of bytes not copied by the user program connected to this socket. Listening: Since Kernel 2.6.18 this column contains the current syn backlog.
Send-Q
Established: The count of bytes not acknowledged by the remote host. Listening: Since Kernel 2.6.18 this column contains the maximum size of the syn backlog.
Local Address
Address and port number of the local end of the socket. Unless the --numeric (-n) option is specified, the socket address is resolved to its canonical host name (FQDN),
and the port number is translated into the corresponding service name.
Foreign Address
Address and port number of the remote end of the socket. Analogous to "Local Address."
State
The state of the socket. Since there are no states in raw mode and usually no states used in UDP and UDPLite, this column may be left blank. Normally this can be one of
several values:
ESTABLISHED
The socket has an established connection.
SYN_SENT
The socket is actively attempting to establish a connection.
SYN_RECV
A connection request has been received from the network.
FIN_WAIT1
The socket is closed, and the connection is shutting down.
FIN_WAIT2
Connection is closed, and the socket is waiting for a shutdown from the remote end.
TIME_WAIT
The socket is waiting after close to handle packets still in the network.
CLOSE The socket is not being used.
CLOSE_WAIT
The remote end has shut down, waiting for the socket to close.
LAST_ACK
The remote end has shut down, and the socket is closed. Waiting for acknowledgement.
LISTEN The socket is listening for incoming connections. Such sockets are not included in the output unless you specify the --listening (-l) or --all (-a) option.
CLOSING
Both sockets are shut down but we still don't have all our data sent.
UNKNOWN
The state of the socket is unknown.
User
The username or the user id (UID) of the owner of the socket.
PID/Program name
Slash-separated pair of the process id (PID) and process name of the process that owns the socket. --program causes this column to be included. You will also need supe‐
ruser privileges to see this information on sockets you don't own. This identification information is not yet available for IPX sockets.
Timer
(this needs to be written)
Active UNIX domain Sockets
Proto
The protocol (usually unix) used by the socket.
RefCnt
The reference count (i.e. attached processes via this socket).
Flags
The flags displayed is SO_ACCEPTON (displayed as ACC), SO_WAITDATA (W) or SO_NOSPACE (N). SO_ACCECPTON is used on unconnected sockets if their corresponding processes
are waiting for a connect request. The other flags are not of normal interest.
Type
There are several types of socket access:
SOCK_DGRAM
The socket is used in Datagram (connectionless) mode.
SOCK_STREAM
This is a stream (connection) socket.
SOCK_RAW
The socket is used as a raw socket.
SOCK_RDM
This one serves reliably-delivered messages.
SOCK_SEQPACKET
This is a sequential packet socket.
SOCK_PACKET
Raw interface access socket.
UNKNOWN
Who ever knows what the future will bring us - just fill in here :-)
State
This field will contain one of the following Keywords:
FREE The socket is not allocated
LISTENING
The socket is listening for a connection request. Such sockets are only included in the output if you specify the --listening (-l) or --all (-a) option.
CONNECTING
The socket is about to establish a connection.
CONNECTED
The socket is connected.
DISCONNECTING
The socket is disconnecting.
(empty)
The socket is not connected to another one.
UNKNOWN
This state should never happen.
PID/Program name
Process ID (PID) and process name of the process that has the socket open. More info available in Active Internet connections section written above.
Path
This is the path name as which the corresponding processes attached to the socket.
Active IPX sockets
(this needs to be done by somebody who knows it)
Active NET/ROM sockets
(this needs to be done by somebody who knows it)
Active AX.25 sockets
(this needs to be done by somebody who knows it)
FILES
/etc/services -- The services translation file
/proc -- Mount point for the proc filesystem, which gives access to kernel status information via the following files.
/proc/net/dev -- device information
/proc/net/raw -- raw socket information
/proc/net/tcp -- TCP socket information
/proc/net/udp -- UDP socket information
/proc/net/udplite -- UDPLite socket information
/proc/net/igmp -- IGMP multicast information
/proc/net/unix -- Unix domain socket information
/proc/net/ipx -- IPX socket information
/proc/net/ax25 -- AX25 socket information
/proc/net/appletalk -- DDP (appletalk) socket information
/proc/net/nr -- NET/ROM socket information
/proc/net/route -- IP routing information
/proc/net/ax25_route -- AX25 routing information
/proc/net/ipx_route -- IPX routing information
/proc/net/nr_nodes -- NET/ROM nodelist
/proc/net/nr_neigh -- NET/ROM neighbours
/proc/net/ip_masquerade -- masqueraded connections
/proc/net/snmp -- statistics
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