HDU-3903:Trigonometric Function(三角函数与无理数)

传送门
Problem Description
Give you a triangle ABC. Get more information in the picture below.

Now, give you 6 integers a, b, c, n, m and k. a, b and c are triangle ABC`s three edges. Can you judge whether the result of the following fraction is rational number?

Input
There are several test cases in the input data.
Each case is just one line with 6 integers – a, b, c, n, m, k (0< a, b, c, n, m, k < 10^4) separated by spaces. The input data ensures that sin(kC) will not be equal with 0.

Output
Each case output “YES”, if the result of the fraction is rational number, otherwise “NO”.
Sample Input

2
1 1 1 1 1 1
3 4 5 6 7 7

Sample Output

NO
YES

数学定理分析
由于$\cos A=\frac{b^2+c^2-a^2}{2bc}$，由于a,b,c都是整数，整数相除结果为有理数，所以$\cos A$为有理数，同理可得$\cos B、\cos C$也是有理数；

下面用数学归纳法证明$\cos nA$为有理数；
由于$\cos 2A=2{\cos }^{2}A-1$所以$\cos 2A$也是有理数；
假设$\cos nA，（n\in [1,k]$，且$n$为整数$）$是有理数；
则当$n=k+1$时，$$\cos (k+1)A=\cos kA\cos A-\sin kA\sin A$$由于$$\sin kA\sin A=-\frac{\cos (k+1)A-\cos (k-1)A}{2}$$
化简得，$$\cos (k+1)A=2\cos kA\cos A-\cos (k-1)A$$由于$\cos kA、\cos A、\cos (k-1)A$都是有理数，所以$\cos (k+1)A$也是有理数，即上述假设成立；

由此我们不难得出$\cos (nA+mB)$也是有理数，所以，我们只需证明分母$\sin kC$也是有理数就可得出$$\frac{\cos (nA+mB)}{\sin kC}$$的结果是有理数；

由于$$\sin kC=\sin (k-1)C\cos C+\cos (k-1)C\sin C$$
又$$\sin (k-1)C=\sin (k-2)C\cos C+\cos (k-2)C\sin C$$
$$......$$
最终$\sin kC$可以化为一个有理数N与$\sin C$相乘的形式，即$\sin kC=N\sin C$，其中$N$为有理数，只需知道$\sin C$是否为有理数即可说明$\sin kC$是否为有理数；

因为$$\sin C=\sqrt{1-{\cos }^{2}C}=\sqrt{\frac{4a^2{b}^2-(a^2+b^2-c^2{)}^2}{4a^2{b}^2}}$$

则只需判断根号里面的数是否为平方数，即可得出$\sin C$是否为有理数，进而得出$\sin kC$是否为有理数，最终得出$\frac{\cos (nA+mB)}{\sin kC}$结果是否为有理数；
代码实现

#include<iostream>
#include<vector>
#include<stack>
#include<algorithm>
#include<iomanip>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
//a, b, c, n, m, k (0< a, b, c, n, m, k < 10^4) 
	int N;
	cin >> N;
	while (N--)
	{
		long long a, b, c, n, m, k;
		scanf("%lld%lld%lld%lld%lld%lld", &a, &b, &c, &n, & m, &k);
		long long res = 4 * a * a * b * b - (a * a + b * b - c * c) * (a * a + b * b - c * c);
		long long sq = sqrt(res);
		if (sq * sq == res)
			cout << "YES" << endl;
		else
			cout << "NO" << endl;
	}
	return 0;
}