定义
1.全微分定义:
若
Δ
z
=
f
(
x
0
+
Δ
x
,
y
0
+
Δ
y
)
−
f
(
x
0
,
y
0
)
\Delta z=f(x_0+\Delta x,y_0+\Delta y)-f(x_0,y_0)
Δz=f(x0+Δx,y0+Δy)−f(x0,y0)可表示为:
Δ
z
=
A
Δ
x
+
B
Δ
y
+
o
(
ρ
)
\Delta z=A\Delta x+B\Delta y+o(\rho )
Δz=AΔx+BΔy+o(ρ)
则称函数
z
=
f
(
x
,
y
)
z=f(x,y)
z=f(x,y)在点
(
x
0
,
y
0
)
(x_0,y_0)
(x0,y0)处可微,
d
z
=
A
Δ
x
+
B
Δ
y
dz=A\Delta x+B\Delta y
dz=AΔx+BΔy
2.微分定义:
若
Δ
y
=
f
(
x
0
+
Δ
x
)
−
f
(
x
0
)
\Delta y=f(x_0+\Delta x)-f(x_0)
Δy=f(x0+Δx)−f(x0)可表示为:
Δ
y
=
A
Δ
x
+
o
(
Δ
x
)
\Delta y=A\Delta x+o(\Delta x)
Δy=AΔx+o(Δx)
则称函数
y
=
f
(
x
)
y=f(x)
y=f(x)在点
x
0
x_0
x0处可微,
d
y
=
A
Δ
x
dy=A\Delta x
dy=AΔx
联系
分析:
全微分定义中 o ( ρ ) o(\rho) o(ρ)中的 ρ = ( Δ x ) 2 + ( Δ y ) 2 \rho =\sqrt{(\Delta x)^2+(\Delta y)^2} ρ=(Δx)2+(Δy)2表示动点 ( x 0 + Δ x , y 0 + Δ y ) (x_0+\Delta x,y_0+\Delta y) (x0+Δx,y0+Δy)到定点 ( x 0 , y 0 ) (x_0,y_0) (x0,y0)的距离,所以微分的定义中应该也写成两点之间的距离 o ( ∣ ( x 0 + Δ x ) − ( x 0 ) ∣ ) o\left(|(x_0+\Delta x)-(x_0)|\right) o(∣(x0+Δx)−(x0)∣)即 o ( ∣ Δ x ∣ ) o(|\Delta x|) o(∣Δx∣),但是一元微分中写的是 o ( Δ x ) o(\Delta x) o(Δx),原因是 o ( Δ x ) o(\Delta x) o(Δx)等价于 o ( ∣ Δ x ∣ ) o(|\Delta x|) o(∣Δx∣)。
证明:
充分性:
lim
o
(
Δ
x
)
∣
Δ
x
∣
=
lim
o
(
Δ
x
)
Δ
x
⋅
Δ
x
∣
Δ
x
∣
=
0
\lim \frac{o(\Delta x)}{|\Delta x|}=\lim\frac{o(\Delta x)}{\Delta x}\cdot\frac{\Delta x}{|\Delta x|}=0
lim∣Δx∣o(Δx)=limΔxo(Δx)⋅∣Δx∣Δx=0
必要性:
lim
o
(
∣
Δ
x
∣
)
Δ
x
=
lim
o
(
∣
Δ
x
∣
)
∣
Δ
x
∣
⋅
∣
Δ
x
∣
Δ
x
=
0
\lim \frac{o(|\Delta x|)}{\Delta x}=\lim\frac{o(|\Delta x|)}{|\Delta x|}\cdot\frac{|\Delta x|}{\Delta x}=0
limΔxo(∣Δx∣)=lim∣Δx∣o(∣Δx∣)⋅Δx∣Δx∣=0