python_xpath和xml数据格式

1.xpath和xml数据格式

from lxml import etree
# 1. 专业术语
"""
树：整个html或xml结构
节点：html中的每个标签，xml中标签就是节点
根节点：树的第一个节点，html的根节点就是html标签
属性：节点属性（html中就是标签属性）
"""
# 2.xml数据格式
# json数据和xml数据是两种通用的数据格式，用于不同语言之间进行数据交流
"""
将一个超市的商品数据进行传输：

json:
{
    "name": "永辉超市",
    "address": "肖家河大厦",
    "goods": [
        {"name": "泡面", "price": 3.5, "count": 20},
        {"name": "矿泉水", "prcie": 2, "count": 50},
        {"name": "面包", "price": 5, "count": 15}
    ]
}

xml:
<supermarket>
    <name>永辉超市</name>
    <address>肖家河大厦</address>
    <goodsList>
        <goods name="泡面" price="3.5" count="20"></goods>
        <goods name="矿泉水" price="2" count="50"></goods>
        <goods name="面包" price="5" count="15"></goods>
    </goods>
</supermarket>
"""

# 1） 准备数据
xml_str = """
<supermarket>
    <name>永辉超市</name>
    <address>肖家河大厦</address>
    <goodsList>
        <goods name="泡面" price="3.5" count="20"></goods>
        <goods name="矿泉水" price="2" count="50"></goods>
        <goods name="面包" price="5" count="15"></goods>
    </goodsList>
    <worker_list>
        <cashier name="张三" pay="4000"></cashier>
        <shoppingGuide name="李四" pay="3500"></shoppingGuide>
    </worker_list>
    <goods price="50" count="15">
         <name>烟</name>
    </goods>
    
</supermarket>
"""

# 2）创建树对象，并且获取数据的根节点
supermarket = etree.XML(xml_str)
print(supermarket)

# 3) 获取标签(获取节点)
# 节点对象.xpath(路径)    -     根据路径找到对应的节点，返回保存节点对象的列表
# a. 写绝对路径：不管xpath前面的节点对象是什么，路径从根节点开始写
# 写法：/绝对路径
cashier = supermarket.xpath('/supermarket/worker_list/cashier')
print(cashier)

worker_list = supermarket.xpath('/supermarket/worker_list')[0]
print(worker_list)      # <Element worker_list at 0x105da5b40>

result = worker_list.xpath('/worker_list/cashier')
print(result)       # []

# b. 相对路径：
# 用.来表示当前节点，xpath前面是谁，当前节点就是谁
# 用..来表示当前节点的上层节点
# 注意：./可以省略
cashier = supermarket.xpath('./worker_list/cashier')
print(cashier)      # [<Element cashier at 0x106769c00>]

cashier = worker_list.xpath('./cashier')
print(cashier)      # [<Element cashier at 0x106769c00>]

cashier = supermarket.xpath('worker_list/cashier')
print(cashier)      # [<Element cashier at 0x1047e5c80>]

cashier = worker_list.xpath('cashier')
print(cashier)      # [<Element cashier at 0x1047e5c80>]

# c. //路径   -      从任意位置开始全局搜索
# 查找方式和功能和xpath前的节点无关
result = supermarket.xpath('//cashier')
print(result)       # [<Element cashier at 0x10616ecc0>]

result = supermarket.xpath('//goods')
print(result)       # [<Element goods at 0x109011e40>, <Element goods at 0x109011e80>, <Element goods at 0x109011ec0>, <Element goods at 0x109011f00>]

result = supermarket.xpath('//goodsList/goods')
print(result)

# 4) 获取节点内容
# 语法：获取节点的路径/text()
name = supermarket.xpath('./name/text()')
print(name)

names = supermarket.xpath('//name/text()')
print(names)

# 5) 获取节点属性值
# 语法：获取节点的路径/@属性名
result = supermarket.xpath('./goods/@price')
print(result)

result = supermarket.xpath('//goods/@price')
print(result)

2.解析html

from lxml import etree

html = etree.HTML(open('test.html', encoding='utf-8').read())

h1 = html.xpath('/html/body/h1')
print(h1)

h1 = html.xpath('./body/h1')
print(h1)

h1 = html.xpath('//h1')
print(h1)

# 1. 加谓语（加条件）
# 语法：选中标签的路径[谓语]
# 1）[N]  - 获取同层的第N个标签
p = html.xpath('./body/p[1]/text()')
print(p)

result = html.xpath('./body/ul/li[2]/p/text()')
print(result)

# 2)
# [last()]  -  获取同层的最后一个标签
# [last()-N]  - 获取同层的倒数第(N+1)个
result = html.xpath('./body/ul/li/p[last()-1]/text()')
print(result)

result = html.xpath('./body/ul/li[last()-1]/p[last()]/text()')
print(result)

# 3)
# [position()>N]
# [position()<N]
# [position()>=N]
# [position()<=N]

result = html.xpath('./body/ul/li[position()<=2]/p/text()')
print(result)

result = html.xpath('./body/ul/li[position()>2]/p/text()')
print(result)


# 4) [@属性名]     -    获取有指定属性的标签
# p[@class]  - 有class属性的p标签
result = html.xpath('./body/div/p[@class]/text()')
print(result)

# [@属性名=属性值]  -  获取指定属性是指定值的标签
result = html.xpath('./body/div/p[@class="c1"]/text()')
print(result)

result = html.xpath('//p[@class="c1"]/text()')
print(result)

result = html.xpath('./body/div/p[@id="p1"]/text()')
print(result)


# 5）
# [标签 >/</>=/<=/= 数据]   -   将标签按照指定子标签的内容进行筛选

result = html.xpath('./body/ul/li[p[2]>4]/p/text()')
print(result)

result = html.xpath('./body/ul/li[p[3]>30]/p[1]/text()')
print(result)


result = html.xpath('./body/ul/li[p[1]="面包"]/p/text()')
print(result)

# 2. 通配符: *
# 1) 表示任意标签
result = html.xpath('./body/div[@id="div1"]/*')
print(result)

result = html.xpath('./body/div[@id="div1"]/*[@class]')
print(result)

result = html.xpath('//*[@class="c1"]')
print(result)

# 2）表示任意属性
result = html.xpath('./body/div[last()]/p[@*]/text()')
print(result)

result = html.xpath('./body/div[last()]/p[@*="p"]/text()')
print(result)

result = html.xpath('//img/@*')
print(result)

# 3. 分支（获取若干个路径） - |
# 注意：一个|隔开的必须是两个独立的路径
result = html.xpath('./body/ul/li/p[1]/text()|./body/ul/li/p[3]/text()')
print(result)