Makefile常用的四个通配符

$@:所有目标文件
$^:目标依赖的所有文件
$<:第一个依赖文件
$?:所有更新过的依赖文件

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跟我一起写makefile PDF文件,有目录,高清无水印,阅读体验佳。 跟我一起写 Makefile 陈皓 跟我一起写 Makefile ........................................................................................................................1 第一章 概述.....................................................................................................................3 第二章 关于程序的编译和链接.....................................................................................3 第三章 Makefile 介绍 ....................................................................................................4 一、 Makefile的规则 ..........................................................................................................5 二、一个示例.....................................................................................................................5 三、 make是如何工作的....................................................................................................7 四、 makefile中使用变量...................................................................................................7 五、让make自动推导........................................................................................................9 六、另类风格的makefile.................................................................................................10 七、清空目标文件的规则...............................................................................................10 第四章 Makefile 总述 ..................................................................................................11 一、 Makefile里有什么? ................................................................................................11 二、 Makefile的文件名 ....................................................................................................12 三、引用其它的Makefile ................................................................................................12 四、环境变量 MAKEFILES ..........................................................................................13 五、 make的工作方式......................................................................................................13 第五章 书写规则...........................................................................................................14 一、规则举例...................................................................................................................14 二、规则的语法...............................................................................................................15 三、在规则中使用通配符...............................................................................................15 四、文件搜寻...................................................................................................................16 五、伪目标.......................................................................................................................18 六、多目标.......................................................................................................................19 七、静态模式...................................................................................................................20 八、自动生成依赖性.......................................................................................................21 第六章 书写命令...........................................................................................................23 一、显示命令...................................................................................................................24 二、命令执行...................................................................................................................24 三、命令出错...................................................................................................................25 四、嵌套执行make..........................................................................................................26 五、定义命令包...............................................................................................................28 第七章 使用变量...........................................................................................................29 一、变量的基础...............................................................................................................29 二、变量中的变量...........................................................................................................30 三、变量高级用法...........................................................................................................32四、追加变量值...............................................................................................................35 五、 override 指示符 .......................................................................................................36 六、多行变量...................................................................................................................36 七、环境变量...................................................................................................................37 八、目标变量...................................................................................................................37 九、模式变量...................................................................................................................38 第八章 使用条件判断...................................................................................................39 一、示例 ..........................................................................................................................39 二、语法 ..........................................................................................................................40 第九章 使用函数...........................................................................................................42 一、函数的调用语法.......................................................................................................42 二、字符串处理函数.......................................................................................................43 三、文件名操作函数.......................................................................................................46 四、 foreach 函数.............................................................................................................48 五、 if 函数 ......................................................................................................................49 六、 call函数.....................................................................................................................49 七、 origin函数.................................................................................................................50 八、 shell函数...................................................................................................................51 九、控制make的函数......................................................................................................51 第十章 make 的运行....................................................................................................52 一、 make的退出码..........................................................................................................52 二、指定Makefile ............................................................................................................53 三、指定目标...................................................................................................................53 四、检查规则...................................................................................................................55 五、 make的参数..............................................................................................................55 第十一章 隐含规则...........................................................................................................59 一、使用隐含规则...........................................................................................................59 二、隐含规则一览...........................................................................................................60 三、隐含规则使用的变量...............................................................................................62 四、隐含规则链...............................................................................................................64 五、定义模式规则...........................................................................................................65 六、老式风格的“后缀规则” .......................................................................................69 七、隐含规则搜索算法...................................................................................................70 第十二章 使用make更新函数库文件 ..............................................................................71 一、函数库文件的成员...................................................................................................72 二、函数库成员的隐含规则...........................................................................................72 三、函数库文件的后缀规则...........................................................................................73 四、注意事项...................................................................................................................73 第十三章 后序...................................................................................................................73
第一部分、概述...............................................................................................................................6 第二部分、关于程序的编译和链接...............................................................................................6 第三部分、 Makefile 介绍 ............................................................................................................7 一、 Makefile的规则 ..............................................................................................................7 二、一个示例...........................................................................................................................8 三、 make是如何工作的........................................................................................................9 四、 makefile中使用变量....................................................................................................10 五、让make自动推导..........................................................................................................11 六、另类风格的makefile....................................................................................................12 七、清空目标文件的规则.....................................................................................................13 第四部分、 Makefile 总述 ..........................................................................................................13 一、 Makefile里有什么? ....................................................................................................13 1、显式规则。 ..............................................................................................................14 2、隐晦规则。 ..............................................................................................................14 3、变量的定义。 ..........................................................................................................14 4、文件指示。 ..............................................................................................................14 5、注释。 ......................................................................................................................14 二、 Makefile的文件名 ........................................................................................................15 三、引用其它的Makefile ....................................................................................................15 四、环境变量 MAKEFILES................................................................................................16 五、 make的工作方式..........................................................................................................16 第五部分、书写规则.....................................................................................................................17 一、规则举例.........................................................................................................................17 二、规则的语法.....................................................................................................................17 三、在规则中使用通配符.....................................................................................................18 四、文件搜寻.........................................................................................................................19 五、伪目标.............................................................................................................................20 六、多目标.............................................................................................................................22 七、静态模式.........................................................................................................................22 八、自动生成依赖性.............................................................................................................24 第六部分 书写命令.......................................................................................................................25 一、显示命令.........................................................................................................................26 二、命令执行.........................................................................................................................26 三、命令出错.........................................................................................................................27 四、嵌套执行make..............................................................................................................28 五、定义命令包.....................................................................................................................30 第七部分 使用变量.......................................................................................................................30 一、变量的基础.....................................................................................................................31 二、变量中的变量.................................................................................................................32 三、变量高级用法.................................................................................................................34 四、追加变量值.....................................................................................................................37 五、 override 指示符 ..........................................................................................................37 六、多行变量.........................................................................................................................38 第 2 页共 78 页 2005 年 10 月 14 日整理:祝冬华跟我一起写 Makefile 作者:陈皓 七、环境变量.........................................................................................................................38 八、目标变量.........................................................................................................................39 九、模式变量.........................................................................................................................40 第八部分 使用条件判断...............................................................................................................40 一、示例.................................................................................................................................40 二、语法.................................................................................................................................42 第九部分 使用函数.......................................................................................................................43 一、函数的调用语法.............................................................................................................44 二、字符串处理函数.............................................................................................................44 1、 subst .......................................................................................................................44 2、 patsubst.................................................................................................................45 3、 strip .........................................................................................................................45 4、 findstring ...............................................................................................................46 5、 filter.........................................................................................................................46 6、 filter-out.................................................................................................................46 7、 sort ..........................................................................................................................47 8、 word ........................................................................................................................47 9、 wordlist ..................................................................................................................47 10、 words....................................................................................................................47 11、 firstword..............................................................................................................48 12、字符串函数实例....................................................................................................48 三、文件名操作函数.............................................................................................................48 1、 dir.............................................................................................................................48 2、 notdir ......................................................................................................................48 3、 suffix .......................................................................................................................49 4、 basename..............................................................................................................49 5、 addsuffix................................................................................................................49 6、 addprefix ...............................................................................................................49 7、 join...........................................................................................................................50 四、 foreach 函数................................................................................................................50 五、 if 函数 ............................................................................................................................50 六、 call函数..........................................................................................................................51 七、 origin函数 .....................................................................................................................51 “undefined” .................................................................................................................52 “default”.......................................................................................................................52 “file”...............................................................................................................................52 “command line”.........................................................................................................52 “override” ....................................................................................................................52 “automatic”.................................................................................................................52 八、 shell函数 .......................................................................................................................53 九、控制make的函数..........................................................................................................53 1、 error ........................................................................................................................53 2、 warning ..................................................................................................................54 第十部分 make 的运行..............................................................................................................54 第 3 页共 78 页 2005 年 10 月 14 日整理:祝冬华跟我一起写 Makefile 作者:陈皓 一、 make的退出码..............................................................................................................54 二、指定Makefile ................................................................................................................54 三、指定目标.........................................................................................................................55 “all” ................................................................................................................................56 “clean” ..........................................................................................................................56 “install” .........................................................................................................................56 “print” ...........................................................................................................................56 “tar” ...............................................................................................................................56 “dist”..............................................................................................................................56 “TAGS” ..........................................................................................................................56 “check”和“test” ..........................................................................................................56 四、检查规则.........................................................................................................................57 五、 make的参数..................................................................................................................57 第十一部分 隐含规则...................................................................................................................61 一、使用隐含规则.................................................................................................................61 二、隐含规则一览.................................................................................................................62 1、编译C程序的隐含规则 ...........................................................................................63 2、编译C++程序的隐含规则.....................................................................................63 3、编译Pascal程序的隐含规则..................................................................................63 4、编译Fortran/Ratfor程序的隐含规则..................................................................63 5、预处理Fortran/Ratfor程序的隐含规则..............................................................63 6、编译Modula-2 程序的隐含规则...........................................................................63 7、汇编和汇编预处理的隐含规则 ..............................................................................64 8、链接Object文件的隐含规则 .................................................................................64 9、 Yacc C程序时的隐含规则 .....................................................................................64 10、 Lex C程序时的隐含规则.....................................................................................64 11、 Lex Ratfor程序时的隐含规则 ...........................................................................65 12、从C程序、 Yacc文件或Lex文件创建Lint库的隐含规则 ..................................65 三、隐含规则使用的变量.....................................................................................................65 1、关于命令的变量。 ..................................................................................................65 2、关于命令参数的变量 ..............................................................................................66 四、隐含规则链.....................................................................................................................67 五、定义模式规则.................................................................................................................68 1、模式规则介绍 ..........................................................................................................68 2、模式规则示例 ..........................................................................................................69 3、自动化变量 ..............................................................................................................70 4、模式的匹配 ..............................................................................................................72 5、重载内建隐含规则 ..................................................................................................72 六、老式风格的"后缀规则" .................................................................................................73 七、隐含规则搜索算法.........................................................................................................74 第十二部分 使用make更新函数库文件....................................................................................75 一、函数库文件的成员.........................................................................................................75 二、函数库成员的隐含规则.................................................................................................75 三、函数库文件的后缀规则.................................................................................................76 第 4 页共 78 页 2005 年 10 月 14 日整理:祝冬华跟我一起写 Makefile 作者:陈皓 四、注意事项.........................................................................................................................76 第十三部分 后序...........................................................................................................................77
GNU make中文手册.....................................................................................................................1 ver - 3.8.......................................................................................................................................1 第一章:概述...............................................................................................................................7 1.1 概述.................................................................................................................................7 1.2 准备知识..........................................................................................................................8 第二章 GNU make 介绍.............................................................................................................9 2 GNU make 介绍....................................................................................................................9 2.1 Makefile简介..................................................................................................................10 2.2 Makefile规则介绍...........................................................................................................11 2.3 简单的示例.....................................................................................................................12 2.4 make如何工作...............................................................................................................13 2.5 指定变量........................................................................................................................15 2.6 自动推导规则.................................................................................................................16 2.7 另类风格的makefile.......................................................................................................17 2.8 清除工作目录过程文件...................................................................................................18 第三章:Makefile 总述..............................................................................................................20 3 Makefile总述........................................................................................................................20 3.1 Makefile的内容...............................................................................................................20 3.2 makefile文件的命名.......................................................................................................21 3.3 包含其它makefile文件....................................................................................................22 3.4 变量 MAKEFILES..........................................................................................................24 3.5 变量 MAKEFILE_LIST..................................................................................................26 3.6 其他特殊变量.................................................................................................................26 3.7 makefile文件的重建.......................................................................................................27 3.8 重载另外一个makefile....................................................................................................28 3.9 make如何解析makefile文件...........................................................................................30 3.9.1 变量取值..................................................................................................................30 3.9.2 条件语句..................................................................................................................31 3.9.3 规则的定义...............................................................................................................31 3.10 总结...............................................................................................................................31 第四章:Makefile的规则............................................................................................................33 4 Makefile规则........................................................................................................................33 4.1 一个例子........................................................................................................................33 4.2 规则语法........................................................................................................................34 4.3 依赖的类型.....................................................................................................................35 4.4 文件名使用通配符..........................................................................................................36 4.4.1 统配符使用举例........................................................................................................37 4.4.2 通配符存在的缺陷....................................................................................................38 4.4.3 函数wildcard............................................................................................................38 4.5 目录搜寻........................................................................................................................39 4.5.1 一般搜索(变量VPATH)........................................................................................39 4.5.2 选择性搜索(关键字vpath)....................................................................................40 4.5.3 目录搜索的机制........................................................................................................41 4.5.4 命令行和搜索目录....................................................................................................44 4.5.5 隐含规则和搜索目录.................................................................................................44 4.5.6 库文件和搜索目录....................................................................................................45 4.6 Makefile伪目标...............................................................................................................46 4.7 强制目标(没有命令或依赖的规则).............................................................................50 4.8 空目标文件.....................................................................................................................50 4.9 Makefile的特殊目标.......................................................................................................51 4.10 多目标............................................................................................................................54 4.11 多规则目标.....................................................................................................................55 4.12 静态模式........................................................................................................................56 4.12.1 静态模式规则的语法.......................................................................................56 4.12.2 静态模式和隐含规则.......................................................................................58 4.13 双冒号规则.....................................................................................................................59 4.14 自动产生依赖.................................................................................................................60 第五章:规则的命令..................................................................................................................63 5 为规则书写命令...................................................................................................................63 5.1 命令回显........................................................................................................................63 5.2 命令的执行.....................................................................................................................64 5.3 并发执行命令.................................................................................................................65 5.4 命令执行的错误..............................................................................................................67 5.5 中断make的执行............................................................................................................68 5.6 make的递归执行............................................................................................................69 5.6.1 变量MAKE...............................................................................................................70 5.6.2 变量和递归...............................................................................................................71 5.6.3 命令行选项和递归....................................................................................................75 5.6.4 -w选项......................................................................................................................77 5.7 定义命令包.....................................................................................................................78 5.8 空命令............................................................................................................................80 第六章:Makefile中的变量.........................................................................................................81 6 使用变量..............................................................................................................................81 6.1 变量的引用.....................................................................................................................82 6.2 两种变量定义(赋值)...................................................................................................83 6.2.1 递归展开式变量........................................................................................................83 6.2.2 直接展开式变量........................................................................................................85 6.2.3 定义一个空格...........................................................................................................86 6.2.4 “?=”操作符.............................................................................................................87 6.3 变量的高级用法..............................................................................................................88 6.3.1 变量的替换引用........................................................................................................88 6.3.2 变量的套嵌引用........................................................................................................88 6.4 变量取值........................................................................................................................92 6.5 如何设置变量.................................................................................................................93 6.6 追加变量值.....................................................................................................................94 6.7 override 指示符.............................................................................................................96 6.8 多行定义........................................................................................................................98 6.9 系统环境变量.................................................................................................................99 6.10 目标指定变量...............................................................................................................101 6.11 模式指定变量...............................................................................................................103 第七章:Makefile的条件执行...................................................................................................104 7 Makefile的条件判断...........................................................................................................104 7.1 一个例子......................................................................................................................104 7.2 条件判断的基本语法....................................................................................................105 7.3 标记测试的条件语句....................................................................................................108 第八章:make的内嵌函数........................................................................................................109 8 make的函数.......................................................................................................................109 8.1 函数的调用语法............................................................................................................109 8.2 文本处理函数...............................................................................................................110 8.2.1 $(subst FROM,TO,TEXT).....................................................................................110 8.2.2 $(patsubst PATTERN,REPLACEMENT,TEXT)...................................................110 8.2.3 $(strip STRINT).....................................................................................................112 8.2.4 $(findstring FIND,IN)............................................................................................112 8.2.5 $(filter PATTERN…,TEXT)...................................................................................112 8.2.6 $(filter-out PATTERN...,TEXT).............................................................................113 8.2.7 $(sort LIST)...........................................................................................................113 8.2.8 $(word N,TEXT)....................................................................................................114 8.2.9 $(wordlist S,E,TEXT)............................................................................................114 8.2.10 $(words TEXT)............................................................................................114 8.2.11 $(firstword NAMES…)................................................................................115 8.3 文件名处理函数............................................................................................................115 8.3.1 $(dir NAMES…)....................................................................................................115 8.3.2 $(notdir NAMES…)...............................................................................................116 8.3.3 $(suffix NAMES…)...............................................................................................116 8.3.4 $(basename NAMES…).......................................................................................117 8.3.5 $(addsuffix SUFFIX,NAMES…)...........................................................................117 8.3.6 $(addprefix PREFIX,NAMES…)...........................................................................118 8.3.7 $(join LIST1,LIST2)...............................................................................................118 8.3.8 $(wildcard PATTERN)..........................................................................................119 8.4 foreach 函数................................................................................................................119 8.5 if 函数..........................................................................................................................120 8.6 call函数........................................................................................................................121 8.7 value函数.....................................................................................................................123 8.8 eval函数.......................................................................................................................124 8.9 origin函数.....................................................................................................................125 8.10 shell函数......................................................................................................................127 8.11 make的控制函数..........................................................................................................128 8.11.1 $(error TEXT…)...........................................................................................128 8.11.2 $(warning TEXT…)......................................................................................129 第九章:执行make..................................................................................................................130 9 执行make..........................................................................................................................130 9.1 指定makefile文件.........................................................................................................130 9.2 指定终极目标...............................................................................................................131 9.3 替代命令的执行............................................................................................................133 9.4 防止特定文件重建........................................................................................................135 9.5 替换变量定义...............................................................................................................136 9.6 使用make进行编译测试...............................................................................................137 9.7 Tmake的命令行选项....................................................................................................138 第十章:make的隐含规则........................................................................................................143 10 使用隐含规则...............................................................................................................143 10.1 隐含规则的使用............................................................................................................143 10.2 make的隐含规则一览...................................................................................................145 10.3 隐含变量......................................................................................................................148 10.3.1 代表命令的变量............................................................................................149 10.3.2 命令参数的变量............................................................................................150 10.4 make隐含规则链..........................................................................................................151 10.5 模式规则......................................................................................................................153 10.5.1 模式规则介绍................................................................................................153 10.5.2 模式规则示例................................................................................................155 10.5.3 自动化变量....................................................................................................156 T10.5.4 T模式的匹配.................................................................................................159 10.5.5 万用规则.......................................................................................................160 10.5.6 重建内嵌隐含规则.........................................................................................161 10.6 缺省规则......................................................................................................................162 10.7 后缀规则......................................................................................................................162 10.8 隐含规则搜索算法........................................................................................................164 第十一章:使用make更新静态库文件......................................................................................166 11 更新静态库文件............................................................................................................166 11.1 库成员作为目标............................................................................................................166 11.2 静态库的更新...............................................................................................................167 11.2.1 更新静态库的符号索引表..............................................................................168 11.3 make静态库的注意事项...............................................................................................168 11.4 静态库的后缀规则........................................................................................................169 第十二章 : GNU make的特点...............................................................................................170 12 GNU make的一些特点.................................................................................................170 12.1 源自System v的特点....................................................................................................170 12.2 源自其他版本的特点....................................................................................................171 12.3 GNU make自身的特点.................................................................................................172 第十三章 和其它版本的兼容....................................................................................................174 13 不兼容性......................................................................................................................174 第十四章 Makefile的约定........................................................................................................176 14 书写约定......................................................................................................................176 14.1 基本的约定...................................................................................................................176 14.2 规则命令行的约定........................................................................................................178 14.3 代表命令变量...............................................................................................................179 14.4 安装目录变量...............................................................................................................180 14.5 Makefile的标准目标名..................................................................................................185 14.6 安装命令分类...............................................................................................................190 第十五章 make的常见错误信息...............................................................................................193 15 make产生的错误信息...................................................................................................193 附录1:关键字索引..................................................................................................................196 GNU make可识别的指示符:..............................................................................................196 GNU make函数:...............................................................................................................197 GNU make的自动化变量.....................................................................................................197 GNU make环境变量............................................................................................................198 后序.........................................................................................................................................198
跟我一起写 Makefile 作者:陈皓 整理:祝冬华 来源网络,希望能与大家分享这份学习资料,资源分数也设置了最低值,如有侵权,请联系我删除文件。 第一部分、概述 (6) 第二部分、关于程序的编译和链接 (6) 第三部分、Makefile 介绍 (7) 一、Makefile的规则 (7) 二、一个示例 (8) 三、make是如何工作的 (9) 四、makefile中使用变量 (10) 五、让make自动推导 (11) 六、另类风格的makefile (12) 七、清空目标文件的规则 (13) 第四部分、Makefile 总述 (13) 一、Makefile里有什么? (13) 1、显式规则。 (14) 2、隐晦规则。 (14) 3、变量的定义。 (14) 4、文件指示。 (14) 5、注释。 (14) 二、Makefile的文件名 (15) 三、引用其它的Makefile (15) 四、环境变量 MAKEFILES (16) 五、make的工作方式 (16) 第五部分、书写规则 (17) 一、规则举例 (17) 二、规则的语法 (17) 三、在规则中使用通配符 (18) 四、文件搜寻 (19) 五、伪目标 (20) 六、多目标 (22) 七、静态模式 (22) 八、自动生成依赖性 (24) 第六部分书写命令 (25) 一、显示命令 (26) 二、命令执行 (26) 三、命令出错 (27) 四、嵌套执行make (28) 五、定义命令包 (30) 第七部分使用变量 (30) 一、变量的基础 (31) 二、变量中的变量 (32) 三、变量高级用法 (34) 四、追加变量值 (37) 五、override 指示符 (37) 六、多行变量 (38) 八、目标变量 (39) 九、模式变量 (40) 第八部分使用条件判断 (40) 一、示例 (40) 二、语法 (42) 第九部分使用函数 (43) 一、函数的调用语法 (44) 二、字符串处理函数 (44) 1、subst (44) 2、patsubst (45) 3、strip (45) 4、findstring (46) 5、filter (46) 6、filter-out (46) 7、sort (47) 8、word (47) 9、wordlist (47) 10、words (47) 11、firstword (48) 12、字符串函数实例 (48) 三、文件名操作函数 (48) 1、dir (48) 2、notdir (48) 3、suffix (49) 4、basename (49) 5、addsuffix (49) 6、addprefix (49) 7、join (50) 四、foreach 函数 (50) 五、if 函数 (50) 六、call函数 (51) 七、origin函数 (51) “undefined” (52) “default” (52) “file” (52) “command line” (52) “override” (52) “automatic” (52) 八、shell函数 (53) 九、控制make的函数 (53) 1、error (53) 2、warning (54) 第十部分 make 的运行 (54) 二、指定Makefile (54) 三、指定目标 (55) “all” (56) “clean” (56) “install” (56) “print” (56) “tar” (56) “dist” (56) “TAGS” (56) “check”和“test” (56) 四、检查规则 (57) 五、make的参数 (57) 第十一部分隐含规则 (61) 一、使用隐含规则 (61) 二、隐含规则一览 (62) 1、编译C程序的隐含规则 (63) 2、编译C++程序的隐含规则 (63) 3、编译Pascal程序的隐含规则 (63) 4、编译Fortran/Ratfor程序的隐含规则 (63) 5、预处理Fortran/Ratfor程序的隐含规则 (63) 6、编译Modula-2程序的隐含规则 (63) 7、汇编和汇编预处理的隐含规则 (64) 8、链接Object文件的隐含规则 (64) 9、Yacc C程序时的隐含规则 (64) 10、Lex C程序时的隐含规则 (64) 11、Lex Ratfor程序时的隐含规则 (65) 12、从C程序、Yacc文件或Lex文件创建Lint库的隐含规则 (65) 三、隐含规则使用的变量 (65) 1、关于命令的变量。 (65) 2、关于命令参数的变量 (66) 四、隐含规则链 (67) 五、定义模式规则 (68) 1、模式规则介绍 (68) 2、模式

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