Servlet入门
Servlet入门
1. 什么是Servlet
- Servlet就是sun公司开发动态web的一门技术
- Sun公司在这些API中提供了一个接口叫做:Servlet,如果你想开发一个Servlet程序,只需要完成两个小步骤
- 编写一个类,实现Servlet接口
- 把开发好的Java类部署到web服务器中
- 把实现了Servlert接口的Java程序叫做,Servlet
2. HelloServlet
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Servlet接口在Sun公司有两个默认的实现类HttpServlet、GenericServlet
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构建一个普通的 Maven项目,删掉里面的 src 目录,以后我们的学习就在这个项目里面建立 Moudel ;这个空的工程就是Maven 的主工程
-
关于Maven父子工程的理解
- 父项目会有:
<modules> <module>Servlet01</module> </modules>
- 子项目会有:
<parent> <artifactId>JavaWeb_Maven02</artifactId> <groupId>org.example</groupId> <version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version> </parent>
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父项目中的java子项目可以直接使用
son extends father
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Maven环境的优化
- 修改web.xml为最新版(与自己的Tomcat匹配)
- 将Maven的结构搭建完整
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编写一个Servlet程序
- 编写一个普通类
- 实现Servlet接口,直接继承HttpServlet
public class HelloServlet extends HttpServlet { @Override protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException { // ServletOutputStream servletOutputStream = resp.getOutputStream(); PrintWriter writer = resp.getWriter(); writer.println("Hello,servlet"); } @Override protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException { doGet(req, resp); } }
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编写Servlet的映射
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为什么需要映射:我们写的是Java程序,但是要通过浏览器访问,而浏览器选哟连接web服务器,所以我们需要在web服务器中注册OWMN服务中注册我们写的Servlet,还需要给他一个浏览器能够访问的路径
<!--注册Servlet--> <servlet> <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name> <servlet-class>ServletDemo.HelloServlet</servlet-class> </servlet> <servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name> <url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping>
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配置Tomcat
- 注意:配置项目发生的路径
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启动测试
3. Servlet原理
- Servlet是由Web服务器调用,web服务器在收到浏览器请求后
4. Mapping问题
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一个Servlet可以指定一个映射路径
<servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name> <url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping>
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一个Servlet可以指定多个映射路径
<servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name> <url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping> <servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name> <url-pattern>/hello1</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping> <servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name> <url-pattern>/hello2</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping> <servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name> <url-pattern>/hello3</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping>
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一个Servlet可以指定通用映射路径
<servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name> <url-pattern>/hello/*</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping>
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默认请求路径
<servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name> <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping>
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指定一些后缀或者前缀等等
<!--*前面不能加映射的路径--> <servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name> <url-pattern>*.zy</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping>
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优先级问题
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指定了固有的映射路径优先级最高,如果找不到就会走默认的处理请求
<!--404--> <servlet> <servlet-name>error</servlet-name> <servlet-class>ServletDemo.ErrorServlet</servlet-class> </servlet> <servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>error</servlet-name> <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping>
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5. ServletContext
- web容器在启动的时候,它会为每个web程序都创建以一个对应的ServletContext对象,它代表了当前的web应用
5.1、共享数据
-
ServletContext
- 需要一个放置的类
public class HelloServlet extends HttpServlet { @Override protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException { // this.getInitParameter() 初始化参数 // this.getServletConfig() Servlet配置 // this.getServletContext() Servlet上下文 ServletContext servletContext = this.getServletContext(); String username = "zy";//数据 servletContext.setAttribute("username",username);//将一个数据保存在了ServletContext } }
- 需要一个读取的类
public class GetServlet extends HttpServlet { @Override protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException { ServletContext servletContext = this.getServletContext(); String username = (String)servletContext.getAttribute("username"); resp.setContentType("text/html"); resp.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8"); resp.getWriter().print("名字" +username); } @Override protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException { doGet(req, resp); } }
- 配置web.xml
<servlet> <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name> <servlet-class>ServletDemo.HelloServlet</servlet-class> </servlet> <servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name> <url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping> <servlet> <servlet-name>get</servlet-name> <servlet-class>ServletDemo.GetServlet</servlet-class> </servlet> <servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>get</servlet-name> <url-pattern>/get</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping>
5.2、获取初始化参数
<!--配置一些web应用初始化参数-->
<context-param>
<param-name>url</param-name>
<param-value>jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/</param-value>
</context-param>
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
ServletContext servletContext = this.getServletContext();
String url = servletContext.getInitParameter("url");
resp.getWriter().print(url);
}
5.3、请求转发
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dispatcher
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException { ServletContext servletContext = this.getServletContext(); System.out.println("进入了SevletDemo02方法"); RequestDispatcher requestDispatcher = servletContext.getRequestDispatcher("/gp");//转发的请求路径 requestDispatcher.forward(req,resp);//用forward 来实现请求转发 // servletContext.getRequestDispatcher("/gp").forward(req,resp); }
5.4、读取资源文件
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Properties
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在java目录下新建properties
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在resources目录下新建properties
- 发现:都被打包到同一个路径下;classes,我们俗称这个路径为classpath
-
思路:需要一个文件流
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException { InputStream resourceAsStream = this.getServletContext().getResourceAsStream("/WEB-INF/classes/db.properties"); Properties properties = new Properties(); properties.load(resourceAsStream); String username = properties.getProperty("username"); String password = properties.getProperty("password"); resp.getWriter().print(username + ":" + password); }
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6. HttpServletResponse
- web服务器接收到客户端的http请求,针对这个请求,分别创建一个代表请求的HttpServletRequest对象,代表响应的一个HttpServletResponse对象。
- 如果要获取客户端请求过来的参数:找HttpServletRequest
- 如果要给客户端响应一些信息:找HttpServletResponse
6.1、简单分类
- 负责向浏览器发送数据的方法
ServletOutputStream getOutputStream() throws IOException;
PrintWriter getWriter() throws IOException;
- 负责向浏览器发送一些响应头
void setCharacterEncoding(String var1);
void setContentLength(int var1);
void setContentLengthLong(long var1);
void setContentType(String var1);
void sendError(int var1, String var2) throws IOException;
void sendError(int var1) throws IOException;
void sendRedirect(String var1) throws IOException;
void setDateHeader(String var1, long var2);
void addDateHeader(String var1, long var2);
void setHeader(String var1, String var2);
void addHeader(String var1, String var2);
void setIntHeader(String var1, int var2);
void addIntHeader(String var1, int var2);
- 响应的状态码
int SC_CONTINUE = 100;
int SC_SWITCHING_PROTOCOLS = 101;
int SC_OK = 200;
int SC_CREATED = 201;
int SC_ACCEPTED = 202;
int SC_NON_AUTHORITATIVE_INFORMATION = 203;
int SC_NO_CONTENT = 204;
int SC_RESET_CONTENT = 205;
int SC_PARTIAL_CONTENT = 206;
int SC_MULTIPLE_CHOICES = 300;
int SC_MOVED_PERMANENTLY = 301;
int SC_MOVED_TEMPORARILY = 302;
int SC_FOUND = 302;
int SC_SEE_OTHER = 303;
int SC_NOT_MODIFIED = 304;
int SC_USE_PROXY = 305;
int SC_TEMPORARY_REDIRECT = 307;
int SC_BAD_REQUEST = 400;
int SC_UNAUTHORIZED = 401;
int SC_PAYMENT_REQUIRED = 402;
int SC_FORBIDDEN = 403;
int SC_NOT_FOUND = 404;
int SC_METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED = 405;
int SC_NOT_ACCEPTABLE = 406;
int SC_PROXY_AUTHENTICATION_REQUIRED = 407;
int SC_REQUEST_TIMEOUT = 408;
int SC_CONFLICT = 409;
int SC_GONE = 410;
int SC_LENGTH_REQUIRED = 411;
int SC_PRECONDITION_FAILED = 412;
int SC_REQUEST_ENTITY_TOO_LARGE = 413;
int SC_REQUEST_URI_TOO_LONG = 414;
int SC_UNSUPPORTED_MEDIA_TYPE = 415;
int SC_REQUESTED_RANGE_NOT_SATISFIABLE = 416;
int SC_EXPECTATION_FAILED = 417;
int SC_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR = 500;
int SC_NOT_IMPLEMENTED = 501;
int SC_BAD_GATEWAY = 502;
int SC_SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE = 503;
int SC_GATEWAY_TIMEOUT = 504;
int SC_HTTP_VERSION_NOT_SUPPORTED = 505;
6.2、下载文件
- 要获取下载文件的路径
- 下载的文件名是啥
- 设置办法让浏览器能够支持下载我们需要的东西
- 获取下载文件的输入流
- 创建缓冲区
- 获取OutputStream对象
- 将FileOutputstream流写入到buffer缓冲区
- 使用OutputStream将缓冲区中的数据输出到客户端
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
//- 要获取下载文件的路径
String realPath = "C:\\Users\\22866\\Desktop\\JavaWeb\\JavaWeb_Maven02\\Response\\target\\classes\\头像.png";
System.out.println("下载文件的路径:" + realPath);
//- 下载的文件名是啥
String filename = realPath.substring(realPath.lastIndexOf("\\") + 1);
//- 设置办法让浏览器能够支持下载我们需要的东西,中文文件名URLEncoder.encode编码,否则有可能乱码
resp.setHeader("Content-Disposition","attachment;filename=" + URLEncoder.encode(filename,"utf-8"));
//- 获取下载文件的输入流
FileInputStream fileInputStream = new FileInputStream(realPath);
//- 创建缓冲区
int len = 0;
byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
//- 获取OutputStream对象
ServletOutputStream outputStream = resp.getOutputStream();
//- 将FileOutputstream流写入到buffer缓冲区
while ( (len = fileInputStream.read(buffer) )> 0){
outputStream.write(buffer,0,len);
}
fileInputStream.close();
outputStream.close();
//- 使用OutputStream将缓冲区中的数据输出到客户端
}
6.3、验证码
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前端实现
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后端实现,需要用到java的图片类,生产一个图片
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException { //如何让浏览器5秒刷新一次 resp.setHeader("refresh","3"); //在内存中创建一个图片 BufferedImage image = new BufferedImage(80,20,BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_RGB); //得到图片 Graphics2D g = (Graphics2D) image.getGraphics();//笔 //设置图片的背景颜色 g.setColor(Color.white); g.fillRect(0,0,80,20); //给图片写数据 g.setColor(Color.blue); g.setFont(new Font(null,Font.BOLD,20)); g.drawString(makeNum(),0,20); //告诉浏览器,这个请求用图片的方式打开 resp.setContentType("image/jpg"); //网站存在缓存,不让浏览器缓存 resp.setDateHeader("expires",-1); resp.setHeader("Cache-Control","no-cache"); resp.setHeader("Pragma","no-cache"); //把图片写给浏览器 ImageIO.write(image,"jpg",resp.getOutputStream()); }
6.4、实现重定向
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一个web资源收到客户端请求后,它会通知客户端去访问另外一个web资源,这个过程叫重定向
void sendRedirect(String var1) throws IOException;
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常见场景
- 用户登录
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException { //重定向 resp.setHeader("location","/Response/img"); resp.setStatus(302); // resp.sendRedirect("/Response/img"); }
7. HttpServletRequest
- HttpServletRequest代表客户端的的请求,用户通过 Http 协议访问服务器,HHTP 请求中的所有细腻些会被封装到 HttpServletRequest ,通过这个 HttpServletRequest 的方法,获得客户端的所有信息
笔记
JavaWeb_Servlet入门.md百度网盘链接
提取码: m2fz