6. 坐标系统

 

 

 头文件

#include <QOpenGLWidget>
#include <QOpenGLExtraFunctions>
#include <QOpenGLFunctions_3_3_Core>
#include <QOpenGLShader>
#include <QOpenGLShaderProgram>

class CoreFunctionWidget : public QOpenGLWidget
    , protected /*QOpenGLExtraFunctions*/QOpenGLFunctions_3_3_Core
{
    Q_OBJECT
public:
    explicit CoreFunctionWidget(QWidget *parent = nullptr);
    ~CoreFunctionWidget();

protected:
    virtual void initializeGL();
    virtual void resizeGL(int w, int h);
    virtual void paintGL();

private:
    QOpenGLShaderProgram shaderProgram;

    QTimer* m_pTimer = nullptr;
    int     m_nTimeValue = 0;
};

源文件

#include "CoreFunctionWidget.h"
#include <QDebug>
#include <QTimer>

static GLuint VBO, VAO, texture1, texture2;

CoreFunctionWidget::CoreFunctionWidget(QWidget *parent) : QOpenGLWidget(parent)
{
    m_pTimer = new QTimer(this);
    connect(m_pTimer, &QTimer::timeout, this, [=] {
        m_nTimeValue += 1;
        update();//重绘函数
    });
    m_pTimer->start(40);//每次经过40ms发送一次timeout信号
}

CoreFunctionWidget::~CoreFunctionWidget()
{
    glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &VAO);
    glDeleteBuffers(1, &VBO);
}

void CoreFunctionWidget::initializeGL() {
    this->initializeOpenGLFunctions();
    bool success = shaderProgram.addShaderFromSourceFile(QOpenGLShader::Vertex, "textures.vert");
    if (!success) {
        qDebug() << "shaderProgram addShaderFromSourceFile failed!" << shaderProgram.log();
        return;
    }

    success = shaderProgram.addShaderFromSourceFile(QOpenGLShader::Fragment, "textures.frag");
    if (!success) {
        qDebug() << "shaderProgram addShaderFromSourceFile failed!" << shaderProgram.log();
        return;
    }

    success = shaderProgram.link();
    if (!success) {
        qDebug() << "shaderProgram link failed!" << shaderProgram.log();
    }
    //开启深度测试，因为现在已经是3D了
    glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);

    //VAO，VBO data
    float vertices[] = {
        //每个面需要画两个三角形，所以一个面6个点，一共36个点，纹理的顺序和三角形顺序保持一致
        -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
         0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
         0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
         0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
        -0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
        -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,

        -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
         0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
         0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
         0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
        -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
        -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
        //z*面上的纹理，此上两个都是从左下角两个逆时针画 从(0，0)开始纹理

        -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
        -0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
        -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
        -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
        -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
        -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,

         0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
         0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
         0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
         0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
         0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
         0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
         //x*面的纹理 逆时针
        -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
         0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
         0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
         0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
        -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
        -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,

        -0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
         0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
         0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
         0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
        -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
        -0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f
        //y*面的纹理 顺时针
        //xz*面顺时针，y*面逆时针？
        //坐标z相反，xy同向？
    };

    glGenVertexArrays(1, &VAO);
    glGenBuffers(1, &VBO);
    // bind the Vertex Array Object first, then bind and set vertex buffer(s), and then configure vertex attributes(s).
    glBindVertexArray(VAO);

    glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, VBO);
    glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(vertices), vertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);

    // position attribute
    glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 5 * sizeof(float), (void*)0);
    glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
    // texture coord attribute
    glVertexAttribPointer(1, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 5 * sizeof(float), (void*)(3 * sizeof(float)));
    glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);

    
    glGenTextures(1, &texture1);
    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture1);
    
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_REPEAT);  
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_REPEAT);

    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);

    QImage img1 = QImage("container.jpg").convertToFormat(QImage::Format_RGB888);
    if (!img1.isNull()) {
        glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGB, img1.width(), img1.height(), 0, GL_RGB, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, img1.bits());
        glGenerateMipmap(GL_TEXTURE_2D);
    }

    
    glGenTextures(1, &texture2);
    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture2);

    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_REPEAT);   
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_REPEAT);

    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);

    QImage img2 = QImage("awesomeface.png").convertToFormat(QImage::Format_RGBA8888).mirrored(true, true);
    if (!img2.isNull()) {
        
        glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGBA, img2.width(), img2.height(), 0, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, img2.bits());
        glGenerateMipmap(GL_TEXTURE_2D);
    }

    shaderProgram.bind();   
    shaderProgram.setUniformValue("texture1", 0);
    shaderProgram.setUniformValue("texture2", 1);
    //建立模型矩阵之后我们位于(0，0，0)，使用的是右手定则
    //视图矩阵
    QMatrix4x4 view;
    view.translate(QVector3D(0.0f, 0.0f, -3.0f));//这里将视图向后移动了，也就相当于把摄像机向前移动了
    shaderProgram.setUniformValue("view", view);
    //投影矩阵，这个矩阵会交换坐标成为左手定则
    QMatrix4x4 projection;
    /*
    它的第一个参数定义了fov的值，它表示的是视野(Field of View)，
    并且设置了观察空间的大小。如果想要一个真实的观察效果，它的值通常设置为45.0f，
    第二个参数设置了宽高比，由视口的宽除以高所得。
    第三和第四个参数设置了*截头体的*和远*面。
    我们通常设置*距离为0.1f，而远距离设为100.0f。所有在**面和远*面内且处于*截头体内的顶点都会被渲染。
    */
    projection.perspective(45.0f, 1.0f * width() / height(), 0.1f, 100.0f);//第二个参数控制的是比例缩放
    shaderProgram.setUniformValue("projection", projection);
    shaderProgram.release();
}

void CoreFunctionWidget::resizeGL(int w, int h) {
    glViewport(0, 0, w,h);
}


static QVector3D cubePositions[] = {
  QVector3D(0.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f),
  QVector3D(2.0f,  5.0f, -15.0f),
  QVector3D(-1.5f, -2.2f, -2.5f),
  QVector3D(-3.8f, -2.0f, -12.3f),
  QVector3D(2.4f, -0.4f, -3.5f),
  QVector3D(-1.7f,  3.0f, -7.5f),
  QVector3D(1.3f, -2.0f, -2.5f),
  QVector3D(1.5f,  2.0f, -2.5f),
  QVector3D(1.5f,  0.2f, -1.5f),
  QVector3D(-1.3f,  1.0f, -1.5f)
};

void CoreFunctionWidget::paintGL() {
    glClearColor(0.2f, 0.3f, 0.3f, 1.0f);
    glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT); // 现在需要清空颜色和深度的缓存


    glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture1);
    glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE1);
    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture2);

    shaderProgram.bind();
    // render boxes
    glBindVertexArray(VAO);
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
        // 模型矩阵
        QMatrix4x4 model;
        model.translate(cubePositions[i]);//*移操作
        float angle = (i + 1.0f) * m_nTimeValue;//旋转的角度
        model.rotate(angle, QVector3D(1.0f, 0.3f, 0.5f));//旋转操作
        shaderProgram.setUniformValue("model", model);//连接到着色器
        glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 36);//从0开始绘制
    }

    shaderProgram.release();
}

顶点着色器

#version 330 core
layout (location = 0) in vec3 aPos;
layout (location = 1) in vec2 aTexCoord;
 
out vec2 TexCoord;
 
uniform mat4 model;
uniform mat4 view;
uniform mat4 projection;
 
void main(){
  gl_Position = projection * view * model * vec4(aPos, 1.0f);
  TexCoord = aTexCoord;
}

片段着色器

#version 330 core
out vec4 FragColor;
 
in vec2 TexCoord;
 
uniform sampler2D texture1;
uniform sampler2D texture2;
 
void main()
{
    FragColor = mix(texture2D(texture1, TexCoord), texture2D(texture2, TexCoord), 0.2f);
}