数据库 Introduction

Introduction

A Database is an organized collection of data store （also called structured data 結構化數據 ） in a computer system and usually controlled by a database management system(DBMS)數據庫是存儲在計算機係統中的有組織的數據集 通常由數據庫管理系統控制

DBMS (Database management system) It provides an interface between the database and the users or applications, allowing them to access and manage data efficiently.

適用於管理數據的軟件

Function：

1. Data Definition:Defining the database structure(數據結構), including specifying data types, relationships between data elements, and constraints.
2. Data Manipulation操作: Inserting, updating, deleting, and retrieving data from the database using queries and commands.
3. Data Security: Enforcing access control to ensure that only authorized users can access and modify the data. 實施控制訪問控制， 確保只有授權用戶才能訪問和修改數據
4. Data Integrity: Maintaining the accuracy, consistency, and reliability of the data through validation rules and constraints. 通过验证规则和约束来保持数据的准确性、一致性和可靠性。
5. Concurrency Control 並發控制: Managing simultaneous access to the database by multiple users or applications to prevent conflicts 避免衝突and ensure data consistency一致性.
6. Backup and Recovery: Providing mechanisms for backing up data and recovering it in case of system failures or data corruption.

常見的數據庫：

關係型資料庫(SQL)	非關係型資料庫(noSQL)	內存數據庫(In-Memory)
使用表格來存儲數據，並通過關係來管理不同表之間的關聯	存儲非結構化或半結構化的數據 例如文檔 鍵值對 圖形數據等	将数据存储在内存中以实现极快的读写速度，通常用于缓存或高性能应用
mySQL	MogoDB	Memcached
Oracle	Redis	Redis
PostgreSQL	DynamoDB
SQL Server	Elaticsearch
關係型數據庫系統（RDBMS）	非關係型數據庫系統（NRDBMS）

關係型數據庫中表之間可以通過特定的列(通常是主鍵和外鍵)建立關係。

數據庫分類

Differences in Storage Methods 存儲方式的差異

關係數據庫(Relational Database)：

A relational database is made up of a set of tables（rows and columns） with data that fits into a predefined category.指定了所有數據輸入必須使用的格式化方式(表格形式)

After designing the conceptual model of the Database using ER diagram, we need to convert the conceptual model into a relational model which can be implemented using any RDBMS language在使用 ER 图设计数据库的概念模型后，我们需要将概念模型转换为关系模型，可以使用任何 RDBMS 语言来实现

SQL ⇒ Structure Query Language for defining and manipulating data.

• MySQL
• PostgreSQL
• Oracle (PL/SQL, programming language extension for Oracle Database)
• SQL Server
• SQLite SQLite的
• MariaDB
• IBM Db2

分佈式數據庫(Distributed Database)：

A distributed database is a database in which portions of the database are stored in multiple physical locations(儲存在多個物理位置), and in which processing is dispersed or replicated among different points in a network(處理是在網絡中的不同點之間分散或複製).

雲數據庫(Cloud Database):

A cloud database is a database that typically runs on a cloud computing platform. Database service provides access to the database. Database services make the underlying software stack transparent to the user. 數據庫服務使底層軟件堆棧對用戶透明 A collection of organized or unorganized data that is housed on a private, public, or hybrid cloud computing platform is known as a cloud database. Cloud database models come in two flavors: traditional and database as a service (DBaaS). 云环境中存储和管理数据的在线数据库

• Amazon RDS (Relational Database Service)
• Amazon Aurora
• Azure SQL Database
• Google Cloud SQL
• Microsoft Azure SQL Database
• IBM Db2 on Cloud
• Amazon DynamoDB
• Azure Cosmos DB
• Cloud Firestore(Google Cloud Firebase)

面相對象的數據庫(Object-Oriented Databases):

數據表示為對象

• Berkeley DB software library(使用相同的概念來快速高效地響應來自嵌入式數據庫的數據庫查詢)

數據倉庫(Data Warehouses):

專門為快速查詢和分析而創建的數據庫 —— 數據的中央存儲庫

非關係型數據庫(NoSQL Database):

未指定格式化方式， 是存儲和操作非結構化或半結構化數據或結構化數據

提供數據存儲和檢索機制的數據庫

在線應用程序的普及性和複雜性導致了NoSQL數據庫的普及

NoSQL provide flexible schema designs and often offer horizontal scalability.

• 文档数据库(Document databases): Store data in flexible, JSON-like documents.将数据存储在灵活的类似 JSON 的文档中。
  • MongoDB
  • Couchbase
• 键值存储(Key-value stores): Simplest NoSQL databases, storing data as key-value pairs.最简单的 NoSQL 数据库，将数据存储为键值对。
  • Redis
  • Amazon DynamoDB.
• 列系列存储(Column-family stores): Store data in columns rather than rows.将数据存储在列而不是行中。
  • Apache Cassandra
  • HBase.
• 图形数据库(Graph databases): Optimize for data with complex relationships.针对具有复杂关系的数据进行优化。 Data is stored in a graph database using entities and their relationships.使用實體及數據存儲在圖形數據庫中
  • Neo4j
  • Amazon Neptune.

OLTP 數據庫：

An **OLTP database** is a quick, analytical database made to handle lots of transactions from several users at once.

内存数据库In-Memory Databases：

store data primarily in RAM rather than on disk 加快了访问速度

• Redis
• Memcached

分层数据库Hierarchical Databases：

Hierarchical databases organize data in a tree-like structure where each record has one parent record and multiple child records, forming a hierarchy. Records are linked together in parent-child relationships, with each child record having only one parent. 遵循等級或級別分類的數據

• IMS (Information Management System)

not easily salable: the addition of data elements requires a lengthy traversal through the database 添加數據元素需要在數據庫中進行長時間的遍歷

Centralized Database 集中式數據庫：

A centralized database is basically a type of database that is stored, located as well as maintained at a single location and it is more secure when the user wants to fetch the data from the Centralized Database. 在單一位置進行：存儲 定位 和 維護

Advantages

• Data Security
• Reduced Redundancy
• Consistency

Disadvantages

• The size of the centralized database is large which increases the response and retrieval time.集中式数据库的规模很大，增加了响应和检索时间。
• It is not easy to modify, delete and update.修改、删除和更新并不容易。

Databases Cheat Sheet

Cheat sheets are concise, quick-reference guides that provide key information about a particular topic. These are the cheat sheet of Different Databases.

Reference

https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/what-is-database/

https://www.oracle.com/cn/database/what-is-database/