友元
程序里,有些私有属性 也想让类外特殊的一些函数或者类进行访问,就需要用到友元技术
友元目的:
让一个函数或者类 访问另一个类中的私有成员
友元关键字:
friend
友元三种实现:
- 全局函数做友元
- 类做友元
- 成员函数做友元
全局函数做友元
class Building {
//声明goodGay全局函数是Building好朋友,可以访问Building中的私有成员
friend void goodGay(Building* building);
public:
Building() {
m_SittingRoom = "客厅";
m_BedRoom = "卧室";
}
public:
string m_SittingRoom;
private:
string m_BedRoom;
};
void goodGay(Building *building) {
cout << "好基友全局函数 访问:" << building->m_SittingRoom << endl;
cout << "好基友全局函数 访问:" << building->m_BedRoom << endl;
}
void test01() {
Building building;
goodGay(&building);
}
int main() {
test01();
system("pause");
return 0;
}
类做友元
class Building;
class GoodGay {
public:
GoodGay();
void visit();//参观函数 访问Building中的属性
Building* building;
};
class Building {
friend class GoodGay;//GoodGay类是本类的好朋友,可以访问本类中的私有内容
public:
Building();
string m_SittingRoom;
private:
string m_BedRoom;
};
Building::Building() {//类外写成员函数
m_SittingRoom = "客厅";
m_BedRoom = "卧室";
}
GoodGay::GoodGay() {
building = new Building;//创建建筑物对象
}
void GoodGay::visit() {
cout << "好基友 访问:" << building->m_SittingRoom << endl;
cout << "好基友 访问:" << building->m_BedRoom << endl;
}
void test01() {
GoodGay gg;
gg.visit();
}
int main() {
test01();
system("pause");
return 0;
}
成员函数做友元
class Building;
class GoodGay {
public:
GoodGay();
void visit();//让visit函数可以访问Building中私有成员
void visit2();//让visit2函数不可以访问Building中私有成员
Building* building;
};
class Building {
friend void GoodGay::visit();//告诉编译器,GoodGay类下的visit成员函数可以访问Building类的私有内容
public:
Building();
string m_SittingRoom;
private:
string m_BedRoom;
};
Building::Building() {
m_SittingRoom = "客厅";
m_BedRoom = "卧室";
}
GoodGay::GoodGay() {
building = new Building;
}
void GoodGay::visit() {
cout << "visit 函数正在访问:" << building->m_SittingRoom << endl;
cout << "visit 函数正在访问:" << building->m_BedRoom << endl;
}
void GoodGay::visit2() {
cout << "visit2 函数正在访问:" << building->m_SittingRoom << endl;
//cout << "visit 函数正在访问:" << building->m_BedRoom << endl;//报错
}
int main() {
GoodGay gg;
gg.visit();
gg.visit2();
system("pause");
return 0;
}
运算符重载
对已有的运算符重新进行定义,赋予其另一种功能,以适应不同的数据类型
加号运算符重载
作用:实现两个自定义数据类型相加的运算
class Person {
public:
成员函数重载+
//Person operator+(Person& p) {
// Person temp;
// temp.m_A = this->m_A + p.m_A;
// temp.m_B = this->m_B + p.m_B;
// return temp;
//}
int m_A;
int m_B;
};
//全局函数重载+
Person operator+(Person& p1, Person& p2) {
Person temp;
temp.m_A = p1.m_A + p2.m_A;
temp.m_B = p1.m_B + p2.m_B;
return temp;
}
//函数重载
Person operator+(Person& p1, int num) {
Person temp;
temp.m_A = p1.m_A + num;
temp.m_B = p1.m_B + num;
return temp;
}
void test01() {
Person p1;
p1.m_A = 10;
p1.m_B = 10;
Person p2;
p2.m_A = 10;
p2.m_B = 10;
Person p3 = p1 + p2;
//Person p3 = p1.operator+(p2);成员函数重载本质调用
//Person p3 = operator+(p1, p2);全局函数重载本质调用
cout << "p3.m_A = " << p3.m_A << endl;//打印 20
cout << "p3.m_B = " << p3.m_B << endl;//打印 20
Person p4 = p1 + 100;//运算符重载也可以发生函数重载
cout << "p4.m_A = " << p4.m_A << endl;//打印 110
cout << "p4.m_B = " << p4.m_B << endl;//打印 110
}
int main() {
test01();
system("pause");
return 0;
}
总结:
- 对于内置的数据类型表达式的的运算符是不可能改变的
- 不要滥用运算符重载
左移运算符重载
作用:输出自定义数据类型
class Person {
public:
//成员函数重载左移运算符 p.operator<<(cout) 简化:p << cout
//不会利用成员函数重载<<运算符,因为无法实现 cout 在左侧
//void operator<<(cout) {
//}
int m_A;
int m_B;
};
//只能利用全局函数重载左移运算符
ostream & operator<<(ostream &cout, Person &p) {//本质 operator<<(cout,p) 简化 cout << p
cout << "m_A = " << p.m_A << " m_B = " << p.m_B;
return cout;
}
void test01() {
Person p;
p.m_A = 10;
p.m_B = 10;
cout << p << endl;
}
int main() {
test01();
system("pause");
return 0;
}
递增运算符重载
作用:实现自己的整型数据
class MyInteger {
friend ostream& operator<<(ostream& cout, MyInteger myint);
public:
MyInteger() {
m_Num = 0;
}
//重载前置++
MyInteger& operator++() {
m_Num++;//先进行++运算
return *this;//再将自身返回
}
//重载后置++
MyInteger operator++(int) {//int代表占位参数,用于区分前置和后置递增
MyInteger temp = *this;//先记录当时结果
m_Num++;//后递增
return temp;//返回记录结果
}
private:
int m_Num;
};
ostream & operator<<(ostream &cout, MyInteger myint) {//重载左移运算符重载
cout << myint.m_Num;
return cout;
}
void test01() {
MyInteger myint;
cout << ++myint << endl;// 1
}
void test02() {
MyInteger myint;
cout << myint++ << endl;// 0
cout << myint << endl;// 1
}
int main() {
test01();
test02();
system("pause");
return 0;
}
总结:前置递增返回引用,后置递增返回值
赋值运算符重载
C++编译器至少给一个类添加4个函数:
- 默认构造函数(无参,函数体为空)
- 默认析构函数(无参,函数体为空)
- 默认拷贝构造函数,对属性进行值拷贝
- 赋值运算符operator=对属性进行值拷贝
如果类中有属性指向堆区,做赋值操作时也会出现深浅拷贝问题。
class Person {
public:
Person(int age) {
m_Age = new int(age);
}
~Person() {
if (m_Age != NULL) {
delete m_Age;
m_Age = NULL;
}
}
Person& operator=(Person &p) {
//编译器提供浅拷贝,m_Age = p.m_Age;
//应该判断是否有属性在堆区,如果有先释放干净,然后再深拷贝
if (m_Age != NULL) {
delete m_Age;
m_Age = NULL;
}
m_Age = new int(*p.m_Age);//深拷贝
return *this;
}
int* m_Age;
};
void test01() {
Person p1(18);
Person p2(20);
Person p3(30);
p3 = p2 = p1;
cout << "p1年龄:" << *p1.m_Age << endl;// 18
cout << "p2年龄:" << *p2.m_Age << endl;// 18
cout << "p3年龄:" << *p3.m_Age << endl;// 18
}
int main() {
test01();
system("pause");
return 0;
}
关系运算符重载
作用:可以让两个自定义类型对象进行对比操作
class Person {
public:
Person(string name, int age) {
m_Name = name;
m_Age = age;
}
bool operator==(Person &p) {//重载 ==
if (this->m_Name == p.m_Name && this->m_Age == p.m_Age) {
return true;
}
return false;
}
string m_Name;
int m_Age;
};
void test01() {
Person p1("Tom", 18);
Person p2("Tom", 20);
if (p1 == p2) {
cout << "p1 和 p2 相等" << endl;
}
else{
cout << "p1 和 p2 不相等" << endl;
}
}
int main() {
test01();
system("pause");
return 0;
}
函数调用运算符重载
- 函数调用运算符()也可以重载
- 由于重载后使用的方式非常像函数的调用,因此也称仿函数
- 仿函数没有固定写法,非常灵活
class MyPrint {
public:
void operator()(string test) {
cout << test << endl;
}
};
void MyPrint02(string test) {
cout << test << endl;
}
void test01() {
MyPrint myPrint;
myPrint("hello world!");//使用起来非常类似函数调用,因此称为仿函数
MyPrint02("hello world——你好!");//正常函数调用
}
//仿函数无固定写法
class MyAdd {
public:
int operator()(int num1, int num2) {
return num1 + num2;
}
};
void test02() {
MyAdd myadd;
int ret = myadd(100, 100);
cout << "ret = " << ret << endl;// 打印 ret = 200
cout << MyAdd()(100, 200) << endl;//匿名函数对象
}
int main() {
test01();
test02();
system("pause");
return 0;
}