雅思基础阶段

雅思基础

雅思的一大考点就是同义替换，无论在听说读写中都进行了考查

一. 写作

① 题型介绍

写作分为两个部分：大作文与小作文

② 大作文

建议举例子举两个以上

考试时长： 40 分钟；

词汇量：> 250个

文章类型：讨论

评分标准：内容一致性，词汇表，语法

大作文，观点讨论题：当对社会现象进行分析的时候不要出现 I agree / in my opinion 这种体现自己观点的词语；

针对观点讨论 一般是两个观点，注意要用不同的时态，过去的事情要用过去时，现在的事情要用一般现在时；

【注意】总结段的引导词 [ 一定要添加 ]： in conclusion

【注意】双边讨论时可以采用中立观点

(1) 题型 1：… 的优点还是缺点

题目示例

题目示例_1：小乡村与大城市居住的优点

题目：In the past, most people lived in small villages where everyone know everyone else. Nowadays, most people live in large cities where they only know a few people in their area. what do you think were the advantages and disadvantages of living in a small community?

题目示例_2：独生子女与非独生子女的优点

非独生子女	独生子女
family gave support and help	less money for kids education
grandparents looked after young kids	one parent did not work，less money
learned social skills	less attention for each child
people never lonely
children helped in house, so more responsible

题目示例_3：线上交流优点

【文章分段】

Part_1：说明主旨

Part_2：论点1

Part_3：论点2

Part_4：其他方面

Part_5：总结段

文章结构

文章结构：一般分为四段或五段，要有开头段落，还要有结尾段

​ 开头

​ 好处

​ 坏处

​ 结尾

内容

文章要写哪些内容？

(1) There are both advantages and disadvantages to…

(2) The advantages of … outweigh disadvantages.

题目示例_1范文

【题目示例_1范文】

I believe there are several benefits to living in small village. Firstly, it was evident that folk who lived in a small village could improve their well-being because of fresh air and less traffic. Besides, living in a small neighbourhood would create a supportive and friendly environment as a result of a tight-knit association. Moreover, the small association always had a low crime rate so that it would have a safer living environment, In addition, it also had more living space for the community to do more outdoor activities such as playgrounds or gardens,etc. Finally, a family living in a small society would have less cost of living，thus having a more comfortable life than others.

题目示例_3范文

​ As far as distance is concerned, friends living far away have always connected with each other via traditional communications like handwritten letter, and the advancement of modern communication devices have not changed that. New ways of communication such as Wechat provide a helpful online platform to keep in touch with friends and relatives even distant ones . In fact, without these facilities, most of them may lose touch simply. That is to say these tools bridge geographical gaps and one can start a conversation with their friend only by a click on their phone.

​ On the other hand, the way people interact with friends nearby has changed greatly. Nowadays, it is common to catch in a cafe where people gather but instead of spending time together and engaging in direct conversation, they tend to focus more on the screens of their mobile phones. These excessive reliance on modern communication potentially impacting the depth of relationships because nobody is able to show his/her emotions by text messaging and relations turn to be soulless. In addition, using too many social media platforms makes people more introverted and bashful in daily life. As a result, they end up never going outside and making new friends in their real lives.

​ However，the decline in face-to-face interactions is also because of the accelerating pace of life in contemporary society, so we should not blame modern inventions for everything. Today is modern lives do not leave any free time and extra patience for individuals to meet and socialize with others face-to-face. Novel methods of relationships like SMS and email have saved time for travelling as well as avoided the possibly unpleasant surroundings at the meeting place. So , it can be counted as an advantage for humans to let them keep all of their friends simultaneously.

句型总结

优点：

I believe there were X main benefits.

​ Firstly / First and foremost / To start with + advantage_1 + case&effect

​ Secondly / Additionally / Moreover + advantage_2 + case&effect

​ Lastly / last but not least + advantage_3 + case&effect

缺点：

I think the disadvantages were also obvious.

​ One shortcoming/ drawback / concern was that + Disadvantage_1 + case&effect

​ In addition/ Additionally / Moreover + Disadvantage_2 + case&effect

​ Finally + Disadvantage_3 + case&effect

总结段

【示例1】It is true that now people tend to live in large cities and the way they live has changed. There were both advantages and disadvantages to living in a small village.

【示例2】In my opinion, the advantages of large families were greater than the disadvantages

In my opinion 可以同义替换成：

​ I believe … ，I think …，in my view，from my perspective

重点词汇

原因，结果 同义词替换

原因	结果 / 影响
…，because	，so…
This is because…	As a result, …
because of …	As a consequence…
Due to …	Therefore…
… is caused by …	…，which lead to/bring about…

短语

learn social skills：学习社交技巧

pay attention to ：注意

form a stronger relationship：建立更牢固的关系

look after：照顾

support：支持

electronic inventions：电子发明

spare time：空闲时间

damage one’s health：损害健康

office employees：办公室的员工

take a reasonable amount of exercise：进行适量的锻炼

affect one’s health：影响健康

put on weight：增加体重

blame for：负责

比较级，最高级(规则)

中文	英文	比较级	最高级
好	great	greater	the greatest
困难	hard	harder	the hardest
危险的	dangerous	more dangerous	the most dangerous
容易地	easily	more easily	the most easily
容易的	easy	easier	the easiest
高兴	happy	happier	the happiest
细的，瘦的	thin	thinner	the thinnest
慢	slow	slower	the slowest

比较级，最高级(不规则)

中文	英文	比较级	最高级
好	good / well	better	the best
坏	bad / badly	worse	the worst
远	far	farther / further	the farthest / the furthest
年长的	old	older / elder	the oldest / the eldest
多	many / much	more	the most
少	little	less	the least

(2) 题型2：Do you agree or disagree

切题：至少包含两个观点

逻辑链： A -> B -> C 流程上要包含两个及以上观点

分场景讨论 => 建议一段一个论点

【注意】partly disagree 部分不同意 辩证来讲 分数可能会更高

重点词汇

have a harmful influence：有有害的影响

social isolation：社交隔离

connect with：与…联系

on the other hand：另一方面

interact with：交互作用

accelerating：加速的 adj.

同义替换：

​ recommendation / advice / suggestion : 建议

总结句式开头

As a result of + 原因 ：作为…的结果

As a result + 后果(中性) ：结果是…

consequently + 后果(不好) : 因此，结果…

(3) 条件状语从句

条件状语从句有两个关键词，时态：主将从现

​ if … ：如果

​ unless … ：除非

unless = if not

if + 从句

逗号加在主句的前面也就是 if 在主句前 ==> 加逗号 [ if … + , + 主句 ]

if 在主句后面 ==> 不加逗号 [ 主句 + if + …]

③ 小作文

小作文一般也是分为四段到五段，要有开头段与结尾段；

考试时长： 20 分钟；

词汇量：> 150个

文章类型：陈述

评分标准：内容一致性，词汇表，语法

【注意】要注意替换主语，不能一直是 he，he这样，要进行替换 the，that…

【注意】一直持续到现在，使用现在完成时；

图表题型

图表类型主要有:

​ (1) 柱状图 bar chart

​ (2) 表格 table

​ (3) 线图 line graph

​ (4) 饼图 pie chart

​ (5) 流程图和地图

【注意】总阶段的引导词 [ 一定要添加 ] ： over all

(1) 线图

主语 + begin / start / stand + at 20 : 00 : 开始于20 : 00

句式

The amount/number of + n. + v. + to + num(adv) + time

描述上升/下降趋势 句式 模板

重点词汇

a great deal of ： 大量的 【+ 不可数名词】

plenty of：大量的 【+不可数名词】

a lot of / lots of : 很多 【+ 可数/不可数】

a quantity of / quantities of : 很多 【+ 可数/不可数】

汉语含义	现在时	过去时	过去分词
上升	increase	increased	increased
上升	rise	rose	risen
增长	grow	grew	grown
爬升	climb	climbed	climbed
上升	go up	went up	gone up

描述动态图上升；

an increase / a growth : 上升，剩下的词都是 动名词相同；

peak： 峰值

reached a peak : 达到峰值(不代表是最高值)

highest ：最高

【例句】

(1) In june, numbers peaked at 225 students.

(2) In june, numbers/figures reached a peak of 225 students

【句型总结】

​ (1) In time, S. + peak at/ bottom at / start at + (adv.) num

​ (2) In time, S. + reach a peak of + (adv.)num hit the bottom of

【例句】

​ (1) The ratio of unemployment for high-school leavers rose steadily fro about 3 percent in 2000 to almost 5.5 percent in 2003

​ (2) Between 2000 and 2003, there was a gentle growth in the unemployment rote among high-shcool graduates of approximately 2.5 percent.

【语法】

Past simple S + did	Actions or events in the past	Things which happened for a long time in the past
Present perfect S + has/have + done	Something which started in the past and still continues now.	Things which happened in the past, but no time is given and they have a result in the present.

汉语含义	现在时	过去时	过去分词
减少，降低	decrease	decreased	decreased
落下，下跌	fall	fell	fallen
下降	drop	dropped	dropped
下降	decline	declined	declined
下降	go down	went down	gone down

描述动态图下降；动名词相同；

幅度

形容幅度小

​ (1) slight : 轻微的

​ (2) gentle : 温柔的

​ (3) slow : 缓慢的

​ (4) gradual：渐进的 ，平缓的

形容幅度大

​ (1) fast：快的

​ (2) sharp：急剧的，强烈的

​ (3) dramatic：戏剧的

​ (4) rapid：快速

​ (5) significant：重要的

​ (6) noticeable：明显的

about / around: 大约

above / over / more than : 大于

million：百万

hundred：一百

thousand：千

billion：十亿

percent：百分之……(不带s时)

percents: 百分比

描述时间段

In the first 10 years：在最初的十年里

from … to … ：某年至某年 [例：from 2022 to 2024 ：2022年至2024年]

between … and …：在某年与某年之间 [例：between 2022 and 2024 ：2022年至2024年]

E-commence：电商

By 和 To 描述变化的区别

“by”和“to”在描述变化趋势时有所不同。

“by”通常用于表示变化的幅度或数量，强调变化的“差额”。例如：“The price increased by 10 dollars.”（价格上涨了 10 美元。）

“to”则常用来表示变化的最终结果或达到的程度。例如：“The temperature dropped to 0 degrees Celsius.”（温度降到了 0 摄氏度。）

句式替换

s. + verb (increase/decrease) + adv. + from(adv.) num / in year / month to(adv.) num in year/month

替换

Between… and … there be + a/an +adj + (increase / decrease) … + of + (adv.) num

描述数据变化

1. In 2005, there were fewer zebras than buffalos, with 50 zebras and 40 buffalos.

      (1)In + year，there be 数量+单位 of sth (具体的点)
   

​ (2)In + year，there be more A than B，with num A and num B(两点)

2. From 2005 to 2011 , the number of buffalos rose each year till it reached just under 120.

   From… to…，the number / amount of sth 升/降 till it reached(adv.) 数量 + 单位 … (趋势持续)

3. On the other hand, number of zebras rose to 75 in 2007 and then fell to 70 in 2009. The zebra population then increased again to reach about 85 in 2011.

   The number/amount of sth 升/降 to num in year and then 升/降 to num in year. Sth then 升/降 again to reach(adv.) num in year(趋势反复)

4. However，in 2011, 1200 millimetres of rain fell.

   In + year，数量 + 单位 of sth verb (具体的点)

【范文示例】

​ In 1970 there were 4 million honey-bee colonies. Between 1970 and 1980 the number of honey-bee colonies rose to approximately 4.2 million. However，after 1980 honey-bee colonies in the US decreased every decade till it reached under 2 million in 2010

​ Over the same period there was the most amount of honey production id the US in the year of 1970 with 130000 tonnes collectively. The amount dropped to 110000 tonnes in 1980 and then climbed to 120000 tonnes in 1990 Subsequently, the US honey-bee production fell again to 100000 tonnes in 2000. The downward trend continued at a faster rate and finally ended at just 70000 tonnes in 2010.

​ On the one band, it is true that we inherit our abilities and talents from our parents. This phenomenon usually leads to family having a similar profession or career. For instance, a businessman who is good at numbers often brings up their kids who specialise in calculating and become a trader as well. In this case，it is because genetics affect human intelligence as well as giftedness. Therefore, intrinsic characteristics may take a part in nature’s benefits.

重点词汇

above：在…之上

during the same course：在相同时间段 [ 同义替换：over the same period ]

overall numbers of：… 的总数目

during + 时间/价格

over 只能 + a piece

fall down ：摔跤

fall：下跌

rise : 上升 ；过去时：rose ；过去分词：risen

(2) 柱状图

柱状图分为两种题型

​ · 动态柱状图

​ Content：(1) Main features：数据 + 趋势 ； (2)Overview：整体趋势 + 关系(同异)

​ Coherence： Structure，一图一段

​ · 静态柱状图

描述柱状图的上升/下降 要加上时间，在…时间上升，在…下降【注意：带上单位】

动态图：描述总体趋势的时候，只看起点与终点

【注意】注意时态，是一般现在时还是一般过去时

【注意】注意图标的每个点，每个点都有数据

文章结构

文章结构：

文章结构	文章例句
介绍图表	The chart shows why people from other countries go to NewZealand
Body
总结归纳，归纳最大对象	Overall,the majority of visitors go for pleasure, not fot work.

Body：

​ (1) Feature + figure

​ (2) 从大写到小

​ (3) Other 放最后

【Body 例句】The largest percentage，forty-seven percent go there on holiday. Twenty-nine percent visit New Zealand in order to see friends and family. Thirteen percent go there on business, and just eleven percent visit for other reasons. 

范文示例

The percentage of visitors from Australia is the highest, at 40 percent. The second largest group, 12 percent, comes from the United Kingdom, and 9 percent come from the United States. The East Asian countries, China Japan and South Korea, send 5 percent 4 percent and 3 percent each. 

However, 27 percent come from other countries. Overall, more than 60 percent of visitors come from English-speaking countries.

句式总结

a. x percent/the majority (of…) + v.

b. The (second/third) largest percentage/group, x percent, + v …

c. The percentage of … is the highest/largest, at x percent.

句式	句式示例
a
b	The largest percentage, 40 percent, come from Australia.
c	The percentage of visitors who go there on holiday is the highest, at forty-seven percent.

文章开头-介绍图表

介绍图表 Introduction

示例：

The chart shows why people from other countries go to New Zealand.

The chart gives information about where people who travel to New Zealand come from.

例句公式：

The chart +	shows gives information about +	why where what how how many	+ n. (people from / to / in…；people who + v.)	+ V.

描述图表信息

例句：

The most popular activity is walking, which 85 percent of people on holiday do. Seventy-five percent of visitors go to see places of interest / go sightseeing and 45 percent go to see volcanoes. Another popular activity is boating, which 50 percent of holiday makers do. Just over 40 percent of visitors also like going to museums. Overall, people enjoy doing outdoor activities omre than indoor activities.

总结句式：

a. x percent/the majority (of…) + v. …

b. The (second/third) largest percentage/group, x percent, + v. …

c. The percentage of … is the highest/largest, at x percent.

d. The (second/third) most popular/commonest … is … ，which + x percent (of…) + v. + Another popular / common

方面总结：

Content	(1) Main features：排名+数据；由大到小；other 放最后；相似可合并； (2) Overview：归纳最大对象
Coherence	Structure：intro – Body – Overview
Vocabulary	Figure：Percent&Percentage
Grammar	Sentence structure：1.数据描述句式 x 4 2. 开头段句式

总结段示例

Overall，the charts show that both the number of colonies and the amount of honey which bees make have fallen during the 40-year period. However，the relationship is not an exact one.

重点词汇

举例

for example：例如

for instance：例如

take as an example：举个例子

to be more specific：更具体地说

以 ic 结尾形容词

‌形容词以"ic"结尾变副词的方法是在形容词后加上"ally"

【举例】basic：基本的 ==> basically : 基本地(副词)

fast: 快的 adj. 快 v. [ 副词也是 fast ]

一年间

during the year ：在一年期间

throughout the year ：整个一年的时间内

数量变化

变化 + in ：表示 [例： change in CO₂ : 二氧化碳排量变化 ]

名词 + of + 数量

动词 + by + 数量

to + 数量： 达到… 趋势的终点

at + 数量：表示某个具体时刻的数值，[ 例：at the 60 kilometers per hour：速度是每小时60公里 ] [ at 15 degrees Celsius : 15摄氏度]

(3) 表格题

题目示例

题目示例：

​ The able and the bar chart below give information about travelling to work in Houston Texas

​ Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant .

句型示范

a. …(describing the feature) on average X.

[ 示例：People who use public transport are the eldest，on average 47 years old. ]

b. n. + v. + X + on average.

[ 示例：People who travel on trains and buses are 47 years old on average. ]

c. n. + v. + an average ( + n.) of X.

[ People using public transport have an average age of 47. ]

Drivers without passengers produce the most carbon dioxide，on average 0.32 kilos per person per kilometre , while cyclists and pedestrians produce only a tiny amount.

范文

​ The table and bar chart provide information about commuting habits of individuals in Houston, Texas, along with the associated CO₂ emissions.

​ Data in the table reveal that car drivers without passengers are the most common commuters (48%) in Houston, followed by public transport users with 37% . By comparison, people cycling and walking to work remain the lowest, at 4% on average.

​ However, people who prefer traveling on trains or buses have the highest average age among commuters, on average 47 years old. On the other hand, younger people, who have an average age of 39 , may be more inclined to use certain modes of transport.

When it comes to bar chart, car drivers without passengers also contribute the highest CO₂ emissions, at 0.32 kilograms per person per kilometre, significantly surpassing other modes of transportation. Conversely, cyclists and walkers surpassing other modes of transportation. Conversely, syslists and walkers product the least amount of carbon dioxide, releasing an average of 0 kg per person surprisingly.

Overall, the majority of commuters in Houston prefer using their cars, particularly as solo drivers, which leads to substantial CO₂ emissions.

④ 语法规则

(1) 一般情况下 And/however/while 不在句子开头

(2)口语中older一般不太礼貌，elder: 年龄较大的，更普遍；

(3)by comparison: 相比之下，比较起来；一般后面接长句；

(4)while: 当…时候； 一般后面接短句；

(1) 不规则形容词变副词

英语中形容词转变为副词通常遵循一定的规则，但也有一些不规则变化。以下是一些常见的不规则形容词变副词的例子和规则：

1. ‌以“y”结尾的形容词‌：
   • 一般情况下，以辅音字母加“y”结尾的形容词，需要先将“y”改为“i”，再加“-ly”。例如，“happy”变为“happily”，“busy”变为“busily”‌。
   • 但也有例外，如“gay”变为“gayly”或“gaily”，“sly”变为“slyly”或“slily”，这些词直接加“-ly”‌。
2. ‌以“e”结尾的形容词‌：
   • 大多数以“e”结尾的形容词直接加“-ly”。例如，“polite”变为“politely”，“wide”变为“widely”‌。
   • 但有些以“e”结尾的形容词需要去掉“e”再加“-ly”。例如，“true”变为“truly”，“due”变为“duly”‌。
3. ‌特殊变形‌：
   • 有些形容词变为副词时，并不遵循上述规则，而是有特殊的变形方式。例如，“good”变为副词是“well”，“fast”既是形容词也是副词‌。
4. ‌以“ic”结尾的形容词‌：
   • 这类形容词变为副词时，通常加“-ically”。例如，“specific”变为“specifically”，“terrific”变为“terrifically”‌。但请注意，“public”等词可能并不遵循此规则，需要特别记忆。
5. ‌其他特殊情况‌：
   • 有些形容词本身就是副词，不需要进行任何变化。例如，“fast”既是形容词也是副词‌。
   • 部分名词加后缀也可变成副词，如“part”变为“partly”‌。
6. ‌同形词‌：
   • 有些词既是形容词也是副词，但词形相同，需要在特定语境中判断其词性。例如，“early”，“much”，“fast”，“little”，“wide”，“loud”等‌。

⑤ 重点词汇

inventions：发明物，电子设备[同义词: Electronic equipment]

work from home: 居家办公

as a result of： 作为…结果

flow chart：流程图

在…期间

语法句式	示例
in + months / years	In February，in 2019，in 2010s
on + days	On Monday, on 11th February
Between … and … = from … to …
Over + a number of months or years + period	Over 20-year period/ During 20-year period
During + a word or phrase that represents a period of time	During the winter holidays / the lesson / the period from February to March

⑥ 定语从句

定语从句（也称关系从句、形容词性从句），是指一类由关系词（relative word）引导的从句，因为这类从句的句法功能多是做定语，所以曾被称为定语从句（attributive clause），这类从句除了可以做定语之外，还可以充当状语等其他成分，所以现代语言学多使用“关系从句”这一术语。

在定语从句中，‌who‌、‌that‌和‌which‌是常用的关系代词，用于引导定语从句并指代先行词。它们之间的主要区别在于指代的对象、句法功能和用法上的一些特定规则。

1. ‌**[who](https://www.baidu.com/s?sa=re_dqa_generate&wd=who&rsv_pq=f50717720008c452&oq=定语从句 who that whick区别&rsv_t=6859wbwVPUsvK/vFWq8W18Y9a0+nTQoffebomYybTTxe1rZlHeQd3vPvgd8&tn=baidu&ie=utf-8)**‌：
   • ‌指人‌：在定语从句中，‌who‌通常用来指代人。
   • ‌句法功能‌：在从句中作主语，不能省略。例如：This is the detective who came from London.（这是从伦敦来的侦探。）
2. ‌**[that](https://www.baidu.com/s?sa=re_dqa_generate&wd=that&rsv_pq=f50717720008c452&oq=定语从句 who that whick区别&rsv_t=6859wbwVPUsvK/vFWq8W18Y9a0+nTQoffebomYybTTxe1rZlHeQd3vPvgd8&tn=baidu&ie=utf-8)**‌：
   • ‌指人和物‌：‌that‌既可以指人也可以指物，但在定语从句中作主语或宾语时，它更倾向于指物。
   • ‌用法‌：在限制性定语从句中，‌that‌可以省略。例如：The book that I am reading is written by Tomas Hardy.（我正在读的这本书是托马斯·哈代写的。）
3. ‌**[which](https://www.baidu.com/s?sa=re_dqa_generate&wd=which&rsv_pq=f50717720008c452&oq=定语从句 who that whick区别&rsv_t=6859wbwVPUsvK/vFWq8W18Y9a0+nTQoffebomYybTTxe1rZlHeQd3vPvgd8&tn=baidu&ie=utf-8)**‌：
   • ‌指物‌：‌which‌通常用来指代物。
   • ‌句法功能‌：在定语从句中作主语或宾语，在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可省略。例如：The room which Shakespeare was born in is famous.（莎士比亚出生的房间很有名。）

此外，还有一些特定情况下‌who‌和‌that‌的使用优先于‌which‌：

• 当先行词是persons, people, those等时，通常使用‌who‌或‌that‌。
• 在非限定性定语从句中，通常使用‌who‌。
• 在强调句型中，通常使用‌who‌，但在口语中可以省略。

总结来说，选择使用‌who‌、‌that‌还是‌which‌取决于先行词的种类（人或物）、句法功能以及特定的语境要求。正确使用这些关系代词可以使句子更加准确和清晰‌

示例

Question

Para.2： False	I believe there were X main benefits, To start with… Moreover… Lastly…
Para.3： True	I think the disadvantages were also obvious. One drawback was that … In addition… Finally…
Para.4： Solution	Therefore, to solve this problem, there are several measures that can be taken. Firstly… Secondly…Last but not least…

Topic

Para.2: Economy	Indeed, a place that has become a popular tourist destination sometimes benefits. For instance…
Para.3: Culture	Another crucial effect of tourists is on cultural perspective. At that point, governments have a significant role in …
Para.4: Environment	One of the worst effects of tourism is related about environmental perspective. As a solution of the problem, people should…

【讨论内容】

(1) People : who, that

​ We had a tourist guide who could speak eight languages.

(2) Animals and things： which, that

​ The excursion which I want to go on leaves at seven in the morning.

​ We arrived at an airport that was 50 kilometres from the resort.

​ The man that drove the bus spoke on his telephone during the whole journey.

(3) Places: where

​ We stayed at a hotel where a wedding party was taking place.

二. 口语

问题类型	描述	时长
introduction and interview：介绍和面试	3个日常话题，每个话题3-4个问题	4-5分钟
personal long turn：个人长叙述	1分钟准备话题卡，2分钟独立陈述，follow-up question	3-4分钟
two-way discussion：双向讨论	双方基于Part2主题延申出一些更为抽象的问题进行探讨	4-5分钟

雅思口语共有三个模块

part1：共有10道题，每道题30秒钟(大概5句话)，一般包括生活话题，介绍一些关于自己的事情；

part2：一道题，有一分钟的准备时间一般是介绍你的国家，2分钟的时间进行回答，回答时长不够会进行追问；

part3：一般会讨论社会性话题，会对你进行质疑与打断；

口语评分标准：流利，发音，词汇，语法

【注意】发音的时候要注意重音，要长回答，不要回答的时长不够

【注意】当没听懂考官的问题时？

不要乱回答问题，可以再问一遍问题，如果有不知道意思的单词可以让考官替换一个词

【注意】

(1) 动词 清辅音结尾 ed 发的音是 t

(2) 动词词尾 ‘t’ / ‘d’, ed 发 /id/

(3) 动词浊辅音/元音结尾 ，ed 发 /d/

说英文如果要拓展时长，可以从这两个方面进行扩展 举例 因果

【注意】要有开头句，不要直接就说核心

举例常用单词，for example，for instance

(1) 用长句子

(2) 讲述一些日常，更多的信息

(3) 重读回答问题的单词(不过可以用上同义替换)

① 口语part1

组织语言的几个方面：

Background Story：

​ (1) introductory phrases (开头句)

​ (2) what/when/where/who/why/how

Description：描述

​ (1) appearance/features：外观

​ (2) frequency：频率

​ (3) functions：功能

Feelings：(1) feelings

开头句：I am going to talk about my digital camera.

When： Actually，I have had this camera for two years.

Why： My parents gave it to me for my birthday when I was 18. I did not ask for a camera，so it was a complete surprise，but it is been really useful.

内因：

​ (1) My previous … had just broken down…

​ (2) I had been into the Apple ecosystem, so I might as well stick to an Apple product

外因：

​ (3) It is the latest generation of Huawei…

​ (4) It has introduced the cutting-edge technology of noise-cancellation

​ (5) It would be hard to refuse a 30% discount, which made it a lot cheaper than its competitors

必考话题：

(1) 工作与学习

(2) 家乡

(3) accommodation：住宿

(1) 工作与学习

问题示例_1

Do you work or are you a student ?

回答模板示例_1

Student：

​ Well, i am a/an ____ (grade) student who is studying ____ (major/subject) because ____ (reasons). (At the moment i am studying ____ as well since ____)

Office Worker:

​ Well, i am/was a/an ____ (job title) who is working for ____ (company) because ____ (reasons). (At the moment i am ____ on the side / in my spare time since ____)

问题示例_2

They ____ (build) more houses and roads. It ____ (get) busier.

回答模板示例_2

There is more traffic, so the village ____ (get) noisier. Also young people ____ (leave) the village, so it ____ (be not) so lively.

(2)介绍家乡/城市

可以从这几个方面进行介绍：位置，天气，历史，文化

重点词汇

常见连接词

but，and，however

medium-sized city：中等城市

weather: 天气	people/inhabitants: 居民	traffic: 交通	food:食物	scenery:风景	traffic: 交通
pleasant：气候宜人	friendly: 友好的	convenient：便利的	delicious	unusual building； historical buildings; spectacular	fast public transport
cold：寒冷		Traffic jam：交通拥堵	tasteless		crowded streets
hot：炎热

the air is polluted：空气污染

(3)住宿

会让你介绍一下，居住喜欢的地方，不喜欢的地方

重点词汇

喜欢	不喜欢
be keep on，interested in，be fond of，be into，enjoy，i find … enjoyable	dislike，not enjoy，hate to do，hate，i find… unpleasant
a big fan of，my cup of tea，my thing	Something that I do not like

同义替换

可以互相替换：

​ walk：步行

​ wander：漫步

​ stroll：漫步

​ roam：漫游

sometimes : 有时	once in a while ：偶尔	from time to time ：不时地
often ：经常	frequently ：经常
always ：总是	all the time ：一直
every day ：每天	on a daily basis ：每天
rarely：很少	hardly ever：几乎从来没有	seldom：很少

(4) 重点词汇

表示原因的词

英文	汉语
because	因为…
as / for / since	因为，既然
the reason why	原因是
thanks to	由于；因为
due to	由于

举例

英文	汉语
for example	例如
for instance	例如
such as	例如
like	例如
let us say	举个例子

表示结果

英文	汉语
so	正如…
that / therefore	因此
as a result of	作为…的结果
as a consequence	因此
consequently	因此

描述人员信息

age	older people / younger people
gender	women / men；girls / boys
occupation	school kids / office workers / job seekers / housewives / unemployed people / retired people
location	urban dwellers / countrymen

② part2

(1) 客观描述与主观感受区别

(1) Well, I am not sure how you say it in English. It is kind of … (客观描述)

(2) I do not know what their name is in English. When… I feel … (主观感受)

(3) Well，what is the word… Alright, Let us put it this way …

(2) 问题示例_1

Describe a place you have visited where you can see animals

回答解析

why you went there	5W + How (when, where, why, who, what, how)
what the place looked like	5 senses (what you saw / smelt /tasted / felt / heard )
what you did there	activities + how you felt
what interesting animals you saw	animal description + what they did + what you did with them

【示例】

Why you went there?

​ (1) I am going to talk about … which is …

​ (2) If my memory serves me right, I visited it with … because …

What the place looked like?

​ (1) It was a/an …place where I saw

​ (2) There were/was

​ (3) It was a/an … place with…

What you did there?

​ (1) Speaking of things that I did there, I want to say I did … and I felt so…

What interesting animals you saw?

​ (1) There were so many animals such as …

​ (2) But what impressed mo the most was … because I found it really … To give you an example …

Why do people do something? 万能理由

放松	relax；loosen up；kill time；kill boredom
社交	make for great bonding time；bond with
知识	open my eyes；broaden my horizons；enrich my knowledge

What it looks like? 万能回答

五官法

see	exhibition room；enclosure；demonstration/display；flourishing trees；people taking picture；tigers taking a nap under the tree
hear	people chatting；twittering birds…
smell	fragrant flowers…
taste	hot dog；ice cream…
feel	gentle breeze；fresh air

【句型】

(1) There was/were

(2) It was a/an ____ place with …

(3) It was a/an____ place where I saw …

③ part 3

part 3 没有时间准备，答题时间 1分钟，偏辩论，会打断讲话

内容，偏向第三方的话题，社会现象(话题比较大)等等，所以回答的时候不要举自身的例子，要举普遍的例子 [ 不要 我… ] [ 而是举例很多人… ]

答题思路：分总

重点词汇

hoodie：连帽衣

to do list：待办事项清单

tablet：平板电脑

sticky notes：便签

thermos：保温杯

dairy：乳制品

generalizing：概括

elder

elderly

the + 形容词 ：表示一个群体 [例： the rich：富人]

males：男性

femal ：女性

office worker：白领

job seeker：求职者

part-time job：兼职

part-timer：兼职的人

retire ：退休

urban：城市的人

countrymen：农村人

percentage：比例

a bunch of：大量的

little：少量的

assignment: 作业(一般指大学作业)

homework：家庭作业(一般指高中及以前)

inner pace：内心平静

text book ： 练习册

slip my mind ：忘记

feel board : 感到无聊

nod off：打盹

④ 现在完成时

现在完成时句式：

has / have + 过去时 + since + 时间点

[ 例：she has not phoned me since the meeting ：自会议以来，她没有打过电话]

重点词汇

small and fits in my bag： 又小又适合放在我的包里

很少

同义替换：

​ rarely：很少

​ hardly ever：几乎从来没有

​ seldom：很少

​ once in a blue moon ：千载难逢

it can help mo to … : 它可以帮助我

it allows / enables me to … : 它使我能够

it make it easy for me … : 这对我来说很容易

it is great for doing : 做的很棒

it provide me with : 它为我提供了

对… 很满意

同义替换：

​ be satisfied with … : 满意于

​ be content with … : 以……为满足

spit at ： 吐口水

llama : 羊驼

camel ：骆驼

sloth ： 树懒

admit but explain ：承认但要解释

That is a difficult question：这是个很难回答的问题

It is hard to say：这很难说

I am not sure：我不确定

make for great bonding time：社交

twittering birds ：社交

air tight：严密的

scenic：风景优美的

⑤ 当没听懂考官的问题时？

【询问话术】

(1) Sorry, could you repeat please?

(2) I really do not know the word / question . Could you explain it please?

(3) Do I understand you correctly, you mean … right?

【修改话术】

(1) I am sorry, I mean …

(2) I am sorry , I was going to say …

(3) Oh no , what I was trying to say is …

【更换话术(换一个听的懂的)】

(1) Well, I am not sure how you say it in English. it is kind of … / I mean…

(2) Well, what is the word … alright , let us put it this way …

⑥ if / unless 句式

Well , I think most people tend to sleep in/at ____ because / if ____ . Also if / unless ____ , they can also fall asleep in other places like … There are a lot of places.

Well，I think most people can fall asleep quickly if____ . Also , as for the majority of teenagers, they can also have a sound sleep if ____ . In addition , if you feel stressed and have some sleep problems, you can ____ to improve your sleep quality .

There are a lot of methods.

三. 阅读

阅读考试时长总共 60分钟，40道题

主要题型：填空，选择，判断

做题顺序：先做填空题，因为填空题一般都是顺序的，要先做顺序题

【注意】一般每个答案都有同义替换，如果没有说明可能时选错了

做题步骤

(1) 审题：看字数 (有number答案一定有数字)

(2) 划关键词 大写/数字/专有名词

(3) 预判：词义+词性

(4) 定位：用关键词 + 同义替换；定位题目标题-大定位

(5) 填答案：照抄原文；符合字数/数字要求；冠词可以不填

① 填空题

做题步骤：

​ 扫读

​ 找关键词：【注意】大写的单词(认名/地点/机构名称)，时间，专有名词

​ 选词：不需要修改原来的单词，有什么单词就填写什么单词

【注意】句子填空，流程图填空，简答题都是顺序的

【注意】只要符合题目字数限制，冠词可以不带 a / an

(1) 表格填空题

表格填空不要只看框内，还要看同一级/同一行的标题，信息

重点词汇

population：城市居民，人口

citizen：公民

resident：居民

resembles：像…

index: 指数

dry：干的 adj. 变干 v.

drought：干旱

expansion：扩展

unpredictably：不可预知的

【注意】… able 结尾表示可以…样的

navigator：导航家，领航员

navigation：导航 n.

navigate: 导航 v.

at 与 in 表示地点时的区别

at + 小地点/具体地点

​ 【例】 at the bus stop：在公交站； at the door： 在门口

in + 大地点/某个空间内部

​ 【例】in the city：在城市里；in the room：在房间里

同义替换

describe：描述 <==> be regarded as： 被视作

某些情境下可以同义替换

many	a lot of
do less work	reduce the amount of work
hardly	rarely
more	increase the volume of
process	take in
go back	skip back
easily	quickly
find	feel
hard	difficult
passage	written information

动物

turtle : 海龟

tortoise ：陆龟

whale ：鲸鱼

zebra ：斑马

dolphin ：海豚

mammal ：哺乳动物

reptile ：爬行动物

continents：大陆 ，洲

动物行为

diet：饮食 n. 节食 v.

prey：猎物 n. 捕食 v.

breed：繁育，饲养

flock ：群

migration ：迁移

migrate ：迁徙 v.

emigrate : 移民 v.

immigrate : 移民 v.

predator ：捕食者

nest ：巢

(2) 图解填空

图解填空是乱序的

做题步骤：

​ (1)读题:【注意】查看题目中是否有 [NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER] 这种话术，一般有 a number 就表示一定会有一个空是填数字的。

​ (2) 划关键词：优先划 名词/动词

​ (3) 预判词性

(3) 句子填空

句子填空 完全顺序 答案分散在每一段中

(4) 选词填空

选词填空一般在第二道题 / 第三道题

是最难的题型

(5) 实验题

结构：

​ (1) 背景

​ (2) 目的

​ (3) 过程

​ (4) 结束

​ (5) 结论

(6) 段落信息匹配

【注意】如果题目中有[ A-D NB you may use any letter more than once ] 话术，表明 选项中肯定至少有一个选项是可以复用的

优先先做其他细节题目

(1) 审题：划关键词

(2) 预判：目标段落内容

(3) 定位：通读全文/依靠已完成的细节题

(4) 配对：同义替换

重点词汇

同义替换
die	kill
dirty water	polluted water
globally	around the world
each year	annually
grow	cultivate
specialist, knowledge	expertise
equipment	machine

(7) 特殊词匹配

【注意】人名在文章中第二次出现的时候可能只出现 名 / 姓

步骤：

​ 审题

​ 划关键词

​ 用人名做定位，第一次出现一般都是顺序的

(8) 段落标题匹配

如果句首第一二句看了依然选不出来，可以看下其他题，填空题等等，有可能选中的答案就是选项

③ 判断题

(1) true / false / not given

判断题是有三个选项的 true / false / not given 不仅仅是只有 true 与 false

	判断逻辑
True	题干与原文一致
False	题干与原文相反
Not Given	题干中信息不充足/无法判断对错

判断题一定是完全顺序的

做题步骤：

​ (1) 划关键字

​ (2) 定位：在原文中找

​ (3) 判断

常见单词后缀

.n：-or / er / ist / ee；-ment; -ion；-ance；-ity; -ness；

.v：-ise / ize；-ate

.adj：-bie；-ful；-al；-ed/ing ；-ous；-less；-ive

.adv：-ly

常见前后搭配

(prep) (+ the/a/an) (+ adj) (+n) + n

n + v (+ prep) + n

n + of + n

重点词汇

compass or charts：指南针

voyage：旅行，航行

emission：排放物 n.

emit: 排放 v.

​ urban：城市的

​ metropolis: 首都，大城市 n.

相反词汇：

​ remote-area：偏远地区

​ rural：农村的 adj.

​ countryside：农村 n.

efficient: 效率

advanced: 先进的

be plugged into：插入插头，接通电源

top up ： 充值

mixture：混合物

blocked：堵住的 adj. 堵塞 v.

accommodate：适应

accommodation：住宿

(2) Yes / No / Not given

Yes / No / Not given 一般出现在议论文中，第二题，和 true / false / not given 没有本质区别，但要注意不能填错

做题步骤：

​ 找关键词，全部都可使用同义词替换 => Yes ，有一个不符合条件 => No，没有出现过 => Not given

重点词汇

statistics ：统计数据 <=同义替换=> data

finding ：发现

conduct：行为

research：研究

study：学习时[不可数]，当是研究的时候[可数]

experiment：实验

participants：参加实验，受试者

college：大学

extract：提取

mine：挖矿

best tip：最好的建议

chunking : 组块

process：加工处理

④ 选择题

(1) 段落题，起标题

做题步骤：

​ (1) 读题

​ (2) 读文章的每个段落：第一句/第二句 或者 段落的最后一句，一般是这个段落的主旨句，要注意看段落的转折词 but… 有可能转折词后面的此时此段落真正的主旨；

​ (3) 段落与选项配对：要注意同义替换，如果同意替换不对，那可能是选错了

重点词汇

up to：最多到某个数值(后面一定加数字)

employ：雇佣 v.

employer：雇主 n.

employee：雇员，员工 n.

insert：插入，嵌入，插卡 n. v.

swipe card: 刷信用卡

heater：加热器

humidity：潮湿的 【同义词：damp：潮湿的】【反义词：dry：干燥的】

humid：潮湿 n.

sleepless：失眠的 adj.

plant： 植物，工厂 n. ，栽种 v.

output：输出

factor：因素 n.

(2) 单选题

单选题一定是顺序出题

做题步骤：

​ (1) 读题：只看题干

​ (2) 定位: 找出出题句

​ (3) 回看选项

​ (4) 选出答案

考点：观点态度，目的作用，细节

(3) 多选题

【注意】注意查看没有用到过的段落答案就有可能在这个段落中，一般出题不会浪费段落

【注意】多选题有可能跨段

重点词汇

postponing in until : 推迟到

pattern：模式

donate ：捐赠

consistency ：一致性

insecurity ：不安全感

conventional ：传统的 <=同义替换=> traditional 【注意：一般以 … al 结尾都是形容词】

novelty ：新奇的事物，新鲜的

get fed up ：厌倦了 <=同义替换=> get board

obscured ：被遮挡的

overlook ：忽视

⑤ 一般条件句

(1) 一般条件句：主将从现，从句一般是一般现在时

(2) 第二条件句：would + 一般过去时

重点词汇

drought：干旱

well：水井

dam：大坝

pump：泵

reservoir：水库

pipe：管子

artificial：人工的

equipment：设备 （不可数）

liquid：液体

四. 听力

【注意】听力中不会有计算题，一般听到什么就是什么

【注意】听的时候要注意转折词与语气词

【注意】写答案时要注意大小写，一般都是小写

① 题型介绍

雅思听力总分为40分，一共有40道题目，每个小题一分；

听力的题一般都是顺序的，一般不会出现第二题的答案会在第一题的前边；

题型主要包括填空题、简答题、选择题、匹配题、地图题、流程图题等。

(1) 填空题：包括个人信息笔记题，单句填空题，表格填空题，题纲型填空题，总结型填空题；

(2) 简答题：根据听力内容简短回答问题

(3) 选择题：分为单选题和多选题

(4) 匹配题：将听力材料中的信息与给定的选项进行匹配

(5) 地图题与流程图题：分析图片

② 重点词汇

cottage：乡村

village：乡村，村庄

country: 国家，乡村

countryside: 乡村，乡村居民

rural area：农村地区

hut：茅草屋

youth hostel：青年旅社

motel hotel：汽车旅馆

apartment: 公寓

出行方式

helicopter：直升机

bus：公交车

double decker bus：双层巴士

share bicycle：共享单车

car：汽车

boat：小船

ship：大船

ferry：渡轮

cruise：游船

subway：地铁

metro：地铁

camel：骆驼

horse： 马

在邮轮上可以做的事情

sight-seeing：观光

swimming：游泳

board game：桌游

shopping: 购物

duty free：免税

dancing singing：跳舞唱歌

take photo：拍照

fresh air：新鲜的空气

展览

painting exhibition ：画展

sculpture exhibition : 雕塑展览

science and technology exhibition : 科技展览

electronics exhibition : 电子展

have fun：玩得开心

meet like-minded people：遇见志同道合的人

get inspiration：获得灵感

keep up with the lastest developments：跟上最新的发展

介词 + 时间

(1) on weekend : 在周末 ；on holiday : 在度假

(2) in + 月份 / 年份 / 早上

(3) at + 具体几点

wildlife zoo ：野生动物园

zoo ：动物园

优点 / 缺点 同义替换

英文	中文	英文	中文
pros	优点	cons	缺点
advantages	优点	disadvantages	缺点
good	好	bad	坏
positive	积极的	negative	消极的

③ 填空题

(1) 听力-填空题

做题顺序：

1. 读题

2. 画关键字：名词->动词->形容词->副词， 名词一般不会被替换；

3. 猜答案类型: 名词/动词/形容词，或者是哪方面内容的词；注意and，or 等连接词一般拥有对等原则；

4. 听听力

5. 填写答案

6. 检查答案

   【注意】国外的邮标是有字母的

④ 选择题

选择题分为多选题和单选题

如何区分单选与多选，多选选项前面是’ 口 ’ 单选选项前面是实心点 ·

(1) 多选题

多选题一般时乱序题，可能时 五选二，也可能是七选几

​ 口 A 口 B 口 C 口D 口 E

多选题的选项可能会比较短 只有一个名词，也可能是 动词 + 名词 【注意：此时这里的动词可能会同义替换】

(2) 单选题

选项标记

​ · A · B · C

⑤ 表格题

⑥ 地图

地图题一般是描述一段旅行的地图，并选择出最后的方位；注意听位置词与转弯方向

重点词汇

go past：路过

go straight：直走

turn right：右转

turn left：左转

cross：穿过

take the second turning on your left : 第二个路口向左转弯

follow the road : 沿着路走

avenue：大道

aquarium：水族馆 [ 一般以aqua 开头的都与水有关 ]

同义替换

汉语	英文	同义替换
年龄	age	how old + 具体数
性别	gender	men / woman ；male / female
天赋	talent	talented / gift
人	people	person / own
名声	fame	famous / well-known
全球影响力	global importance	international / around the world significant

汉语	英文	同义替换
写一本个人传记	write a biography	life story / personal experience
进行更多的研究	conduct more research	carry out / more information / data focus
照片	photographs	photos / images / pictures
演讲	talk	lecture / presentation
研讨会	seminar	class / meeting

汉语	英文	同义替换
财富	wealth	money / fortune
经验	experience	knowledge / skill
天赋	talent	gift / talented
努力	effort	work hard
位置	location	place / position / where

⑦ 流程图题

重点词汇

square：正方形

rectangular：长方形的

triangle：三角形

oval：椭圆形

blinds：百叶窗

surrounding：附近的，周围的

around：周围