openGauss数据库源码解析 | openGauss开发快速入门（8）

最新推荐文章于 2024-09-09 10:10:01 发布

openGauss小助手

最新推荐文章于 2024-09-09 10:10:01 发布

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文章标签：数据库 openGauss

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_53596073/article/details/136700448

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2. 简单数据管理

在openGuass中拥有多种对象进行数据管理，例如表、数据库。用户可以通过创建表存储数据，查询表检索数据。也可以通过创建数据库进行数据隔离。本节为您介绍openGauss中如何创建数据库、表以及查看数据库中的对象。

1）创建数据库

创建一个新的数据库。缺省情况下新数据库将通过复制标准系统数据库template0来创建，且仅支持使用template0来创建。

（1）注意事项

只有拥有CREATEDB权限的用户才可以创建新数据库，系统管理员默认拥有此权限。

‚ 不能在事务块中执行创建数据库语句。

ƒ 在创建数据库过程中，若出现类似“could not initialize database directory”的错误提示，可能是由于文件系统上数据目录的权限不足或磁盘满等原因引起。

（2）语法格式

CREATE DATABASE database_name
    [ [ WITH ] { [ OWNER [=] user_name ] |
               [ TEMPLATE [=] template ] |
               [ ENCODING [=] encoding ] |
               [ LC_COLLATE [=] lc_collate ] |
               [ LC_CTYPE [=] lc_ctype ] |
               [ DBCOMPATIBILITY [=] compatibilty_type ] |
               [ TABLESPACE [=] tablespace_name ] |
               [ CONNECTION LIMIT [=] connlimit ]}[...] ];

（3）示例

--创建jim和tom用户。
openGauss=# CREATE USER jim PASSWORD 'Bigdata@123';
openGauss=# CREATE USER tom PASSWORD 'Bigdata@123';
--创建一个GBK编码的数据库music（本地环境的编码格式必须也为GBK）。
openGauss=# CREATE DATABASE music ENCODING 'GBK' template = template0;
--创建数据库music2，并指定所有者为jim。
openGauss=# CREATE DATABASE music2 OWNER jim;
--用模板template0创建数据库music3，并指定所有者为jim。
openGauss=# CREATE DATABASE music3 OWNER jim TEMPLATE template0;
--设置music数据库的连接数为10。
openGauss=# ALTER DATABASE music CONNECTION LIMIT= 10;
--将music名称改为music4。
openGauss=# ALTER DATABASE music RENAME TO music4;
--将数据库music2的所属者改为tom。
openGauss=# ALTER DATABASE music2 OWNER TO tom;
--设置music3的表空间为PG_DEFAULT。
openGauss=# ALTER DATABASE music3 SET TABLESPACE PG_DEFAULT;
--关闭在数据库music3上缺省的索引扫描。
openGauss=# ALTER DATABASE music3 SET enable_indexscan TO off;
--重置enable_indexscan参数。
openGauss=# ALTER DATABASE music3 RESET enable_indexscan;
--删除数据库。
openGauss=# DROP DATABASE music2;
openGauss=# DROP DATABASE music3;
openGauss=# DROP DATABASE music4;
--删除jim和tom用户。
openGauss=# DROP USER jim;
openGauss=# DROP USER tom;
--创建兼容TD格式的数据库。
openGauss=# CREATE DATABASE td_compatible_db DBCOMPATIBILITY 'C';
--创建兼容ORA格式的数据库。
openGauss=# CREATE DATABASE ora_compatible_db DBCOMPATIBILITY 'A';
--删除兼容TD、ORA格式的数据库。
openGauss=# DROP DATABASE td_compatible_db;
openGauss=# DROP DATABASE ora_compatible_db;

2）创建表

在当前数据库中创建一个新的空白表，该表为命令执行者所有。

创建表时，如未指定表的存储方式，默认创建的是行存储表；如未指定分布列时，取表的主键列（如果有的话）或首个可以作为分布列的列。

（1）语法格式

CREATE [ [ GLOBAL | LOCAL ] { TEMPORARY | TEMP } | UNLOGGED ] TABLE [ IF NOT EXISTS ] table_name 
    ({ column_name data_type [ compress_mode ] [ COLLATE collation ] [ column_constraint [ ... ] ]
        | table_constraint
        | LIKE source_table [ like_option [...] ] }
        [, ... ])
    [ WITH ( {storage_parameter = value} [, ... ] ) ]
    [ ON COMMIT { PRESERVE ROWS | DELETE ROWS | DROP } ]
    [ COMPRESS | NOCOMPRESS ]
    [ TABLESPACE tablespace_name ];

其中列约束column_constraint为：

[ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ]
{ NOT NULL |
  NULL |
  CHECK ( expression ) |
  DEFAULT default_expr |
  UNIQUE index_parameters |
  PRIMARY KEY index_parameters }
[ DEFERRABLE | NOT DEFERRABLE | INITIALLY DEFERRED | INITIALLY IMMEDIATE ]

其中列的压缩可选项compress_mode为：

{ DELTA | PREFIX | DICTIONARY | NUMSTR | NOCOMPRESS }

其中表约束table_constraint为：

[ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ]

{ CHECK ( expression ) |

  UNIQUE ( column_name [, ... ] ) index_parameters |

  PRIMARY KEY ( column_name [, ... ] ) index_parameters |

  PARTIAL CLUSTER KEY ( column_name [, ... ] ) }

[ DEFERRABLE | NOT DEFERRABLE | INITIALLY DEFERRED | INITIALLY IMMEDIATE ]

其中like选项like_option为：

{ INCLUDING | EXCLUDING } { DEFAULTS | CONSTRAINTS | INDEXES | STORAGE | COMMENTS | PARTITION | RELOPTIONS | ALL }

其中索引参数index_parameters为：

[ WITH ( {storage_parameter = value} [, ... ] ) ]

[ USING INDEX TABLESPACE tablespace_name ]

（2）示例

--创建简单的表。
openGauss=# CREATE TABLE tpcds.warehouse_t1
(
    W_WAREHOUSE_SK            INTEGER               NOT NULL,
    W_WAREHOUSE_ID            CHAR(16)              NOT NULL,
    W_WAREHOUSE_NAME          VARCHAR(20)                   ,
    W_WAREHOUSE_SQ_FT         INTEGER                       ,
    W_STREET_NUMBER           CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_STREET_NAME             VARCHAR(60)                   ,
    W_STREET_TYPE             CHAR(15)                      ,
    W_SUITE_NUMBER            CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_CITY                    VARCHAR(60)                   ,
    W_COUNTY                  VARCHAR(30)                   ,
    W_STATE                   CHAR(2)                       ,
    W_ZIP                     CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_COUNTRY                 VARCHAR(20)                   ,
    W_GMT_OFFSET              DECIMAL(5,2)
);
openGauss=# CREATE TABLE tpcds.warehouse_t2
(
    W_WAREHOUSE_SK            INTEGER               NOT NULL,
    W_WAREHOUSE_ID            CHAR(16)              NOT NULL,
    W_WAREHOUSE_NAME          VARCHAR(20)                   ,
    W_WAREHOUSE_SQ_FT         INTEGER                       ,
    W_STREET_NUMBER           CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_STREET_NAME             VARCHAR(60)         DICTIONARY,
    W_STREET_TYPE             CHAR(15)                      ,
    W_SUITE_NUMBER            CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_CITY                    VARCHAR(60)                   ,
    W_COUNTY                  VARCHAR(30)                   ,
    W_STATE                   CHAR(2)                       ,
    W_ZIP                     CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_COUNTRY                 VARCHAR(20)                   ,
    W_GMT_OFFSET              DECIMAL(5,2)
);
--创建表，并指定W_STATE字段的缺省值为GA。
openGauss=# CREATE TABLE tpcds.warehouse_t3
(
    W_WAREHOUSE_SK            INTEGER               NOT NULL,
    W_WAREHOUSE_ID            CHAR(16)              NOT NULL,
    W_WAREHOUSE_NAME          VARCHAR(20)                   ,
    W_WAREHOUSE_SQ_FT         INTEGER                       ,
    W_STREET_NUMBER           CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_STREET_NAME             VARCHAR(60)                   ,
    W_STREET_TYPE             CHAR(15)                      ,
    W_SUITE_NUMBER            CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_CITY                    VARCHAR(60)                   ,
    W_COUNTY                  VARCHAR(30)                   ,
    W_STATE                   CHAR(2)           DEFAULT 'GA',
    W_ZIP                     CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_COUNTRY                 VARCHAR(20)                   ,
    W_GMT_OFFSET              DECIMAL(5,2)
);
--创建表，并在事务结束时检查W_WAREHOUSE_NAME字段是否有重复。
openGauss=# CREATE TABLE tpcds.warehouse_t4
(
    W_WAREHOUSE_SK            INTEGER                NOT NULL,
    W_WAREHOUSE_ID            CHAR(16)               NOT NULL,
    W_WAREHOUSE_NAME          VARCHAR(20)   UNIQUE DEFERRABLE,
    W_WAREHOUSE_SQ_FT         INTEGER                        ,
    W_STREET_NUMBER           CHAR(10)                       ,
    W_STREET_NAME             VARCHAR(60)                    ,
    W_STREET_TYPE             CHAR(15)                       ,
    W_SUITE_NUMBER            CHAR(10)                       ,
    W_CITY                    VARCHAR(60)                    ,
    W_COUNTY                  VARCHAR(30)                    ,
    W_STATE                   CHAR(2)                        ,
    W_ZIP                     CHAR(10)                       ,
    W_COUNTRY                 VARCHAR(20)                    ,
    W_GMT_OFFSET              DECIMAL(5,2) 
);
--创建一个带有70%填充因子的表。
openGauss=# CREATE TABLE tpcds.warehouse_t5
(
    W_WAREHOUSE_SK            INTEGER                NOT NULL,
    W_WAREHOUSE_ID            CHAR(16)               NOT NULL,
    W_WAREHOUSE_NAME          VARCHAR(20)                    ,
    W_WAREHOUSE_SQ_FT         INTEGER                        ,
    W_STREET_NUMBER           CHAR(10)                       ,
    W_STREET_NAME             VARCHAR(60)                    ,
    W_STREET_TYPE             CHAR(15)                       ,
    W_SUITE_NUMBER            CHAR(10)                       ,
    W_CITY                    VARCHAR(60)                    ,
    W_COUNTY                  VARCHAR(30)                    ,
    W_STATE                   CHAR(2)                        ,
    W_ZIP                     CHAR(10)                       ,
    W_COUNTRY                 VARCHAR(20)                    ,
    W_GMT_OFFSET              DECIMAL(5,2),
    UNIQUE(W_WAREHOUSE_NAME) WITH(fillfactor=70)
);
--或者用下面的语法。
openGauss=# CREATE TABLE tpcds.warehouse_t6
(
    W_WAREHOUSE_SK            INTEGER                NOT NULL,
    W_WAREHOUSE_ID            CHAR(16)               NOT NULL,
    W_WAREHOUSE_NAME          VARCHAR(20)              UNIQUE,
    W_WAREHOUSE_SQ_FT         INTEGER                        ,
    W_STREET_NUMBER           CHAR(10)                       ,
    W_STREET_NAME             VARCHAR(60)                    ,
    W_STREET_TYPE             CHAR(15)                       ,
    W_SUITE_NUMBER            CHAR(10)                       ,
    W_CITY                    VARCHAR(60)                    ,
    W_COUNTY                  VARCHAR(30)                    ,
    W_STATE                   CHAR(2)                        ,
    W_ZIP                     CHAR(10)                       ,
    W_COUNTRY                 VARCHAR(20)                    ,
    W_GMT_OFFSET              DECIMAL(5,2)
) WITH(fillfactor=70);
--创建表，并指定该表数据不写入预写日志。
openGauss=# CREATE UNLOGGED TABLE tpcds.warehouse_t7
(
    W_WAREHOUSE_SK            INTEGER               NOT NULL,
    W_WAREHOUSE_ID            CHAR(16)              NOT NULL,
    W_WAREHOUSE_NAME          VARCHAR(20)                   ,
    W_WAREHOUSE_SQ_FT         INTEGER                       ,
    W_STREET_NUMBER           CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_STREET_NAME             VARCHAR(60)                   ,
    W_STREET_TYPE             CHAR(15)                      ,
    W_SUITE_NUMBER            CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_CITY                    VARCHAR(60)                   ,
    W_COUNTY                  VARCHAR(30)                   ,
    W_STATE                   CHAR(2)                       ,
    W_ZIP                     CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_COUNTRY                 VARCHAR(20)                   ,
    W_GMT_OFFSET              DECIMAL(5,2)
);
--创建表临时表。
openGauss=# CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE warehouse_t24
(
    W_WAREHOUSE_SK            INTEGER               NOT NULL,
    W_WAREHOUSE_ID            CHAR(16)              NOT NULL,
    W_WAREHOUSE_NAME          VARCHAR(20)                   ,
    W_WAREHOUSE_SQ_FT         INTEGER                       ,
    W_STREET_NUMBER           CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_STREET_NAME             VARCHAR(60)                   ,
    W_STREET_TYPE             CHAR(15)                      ,
    W_SUITE_NUMBER            CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_CITY                    VARCHAR(60)                   ,
    W_COUNTY                  VARCHAR(30)                   ,
    W_STATE                   CHAR(2)                       ,
    W_ZIP                     CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_COUNTRY                 VARCHAR(20)                   ,
    W_GMT_OFFSET              DECIMAL(5,2)
);
--创建本地临时表，并指定提交事务时删除该临时表数据。
openGauss=# CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE warehouse_t25
(
    W_WAREHOUSE_SK            INTEGER               NOT NULL,
    W_WAREHOUSE_ID            CHAR(16)              NOT NULL,
    W_WAREHOUSE_NAME          VARCHAR(20)                   ,
    W_WAREHOUSE_SQ_FT         INTEGER                       ,
    W_STREET_NUMBER           CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_STREET_NAME             VARCHAR(60)                   ,
    W_STREET_TYPE             CHAR(15)                      ,
    W_SUITE_NUMBER            CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_CITY                    VARCHAR(60)                   ,
    W_COUNTY                  VARCHAR(30)                   ,
    W_STATE                   CHAR(2)                       ,
    W_ZIP                     CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_COUNTRY                 VARCHAR(20)                   ,
    W_GMT_OFFSET              DECIMAL(5,2)
) ON COMMIT DELETE ROWS;
--创建全局临时表，并指定会话结束时删除该临时表数据。
openGauss=# CREATE GLOBAL TEMPORARY TABLE gtt1
(
    ID                        INTEGER               NOT NULL,
    NAME                      CHAR(16)              NOT NULL,
    ADDRESS                   VARCHAR(50)                   ,
    POSTCODE                  CHAR(6)
) ON COMMIT PRESERVE ROWS;
--创建表时，不希望因为表已存在而报错。
openGauss=# CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS tpcds.warehouse_t8
(
    W_WAREHOUSE_SK            INTEGER               NOT NULL,
    W_WAREHOUSE_ID            CHAR(16)              NOT NULL,
    W_WAREHOUSE_NAME          VARCHAR(20)                   ,
    W_WAREHOUSE_SQ_FT         INTEGER                       ,
    W_STREET_NUMBER           CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_STREET_NAME             VARCHAR(60)                   ,
    W_STREET_TYPE             CHAR(15)                      ,
    W_SUITE_NUMBER            CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_CITY                    VARCHAR(60)                   ,
    W_COUNTY                  VARCHAR(30)                   ,
    W_STATE                   CHAR(2)                       ,
    W_ZIP                     CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_COUNTRY                 VARCHAR(20)                   ,
    W_GMT_OFFSET              DECIMAL(5,2)
);
--创建普通表空间。
openGauss=# CREATE TABLESPACE DS_TABLESPACE1 RELATIVE LOCATION 'tablespace/tablespace_1';
--创建表时，指定表空间。
openGauss=# CREATE TABLE tpcds.warehouse_t9
(
    W_WAREHOUSE_SK            INTEGER               NOT NULL,
    W_WAREHOUSE_ID            CHAR(16)              NOT NULL,
    W_WAREHOUSE_NAME          VARCHAR(20)                   ,
    W_WAREHOUSE_SQ_FT         INTEGER                       ,
    W_STREET_NUMBER           CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_STREET_NAME             VARCHAR(60)                   ,
    W_STREET_TYPE             CHAR(15)                      ,
    W_SUITE_NUMBER            CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_CITY                    VARCHAR(60)                   ,
    W_COUNTY                  VARCHAR(30)                   ,
    W_STATE                   CHAR(2)                       ,
    W_ZIP                     CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_COUNTRY                 VARCHAR(20)                   ,
    W_GMT_OFFSET              DECIMAL(5,2)
) TABLESPACE DS_TABLESPACE1;
--创建表时，单独指定W_WAREHOUSE_NAME的索引表空间。
openGauss=# CREATE TABLE tpcds.warehouse_t10
(
    W_WAREHOUSE_SK            INTEGER               NOT NULL,
    W_WAREHOUSE_ID            CHAR(16)              NOT NULL,
    W_WAREHOUSE_NAME          VARCHAR(20)           UNIQUE USING INDEX TABLESPACE DS_TABLESPACE1,
    W_WAREHOUSE_SQ_FT         INTEGER                       ,
    W_STREET_NUMBER           CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_STREET_NAME             VARCHAR(60)                   ,
    W_STREET_TYPE             CHAR(15)                      ,
    W_SUITE_NUMBER            CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_CITY                    VARCHAR(60)                   ,
    W_COUNTY                  VARCHAR(30)                   ,
    W_STATE                   CHAR(2)                       ,
    W_ZIP                     CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_COUNTRY                 VARCHAR(20)                   ,
    W_GMT_OFFSET              DECIMAL(5,2)
);
--创建一个有主键约束的表。
openGauss=# CREATE TABLE tpcds.warehouse_t11
(
    W_WAREHOUSE_SK            INTEGER            PRIMARY KEY,
    W_WAREHOUSE_ID            CHAR(16)              NOT NULL,
    W_WAREHOUSE_NAME          VARCHAR(20)                   ,
    W_WAREHOUSE_SQ_FT         INTEGER                       ,
    W_STREET_NUMBER           CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_STREET_NAME             VARCHAR(60)                   ,
    W_STREET_TYPE             CHAR(15)                      ,
    W_SUITE_NUMBER            CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_CITY                    VARCHAR(60)                   ,
    W_COUNTY                  VARCHAR(30)                   ,
    W_STATE                   CHAR(2)                       ,
    W_ZIP                     CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_COUNTRY                 VARCHAR(20)                   ,
    W_GMT_OFFSET              DECIMAL(5,2)
);
---或是用下面的语法，效果完全一样。
openGauss=# CREATE TABLE tpcds.warehouse_t12
(
    W_WAREHOUSE_SK            INTEGER               NOT NULL,
    W_WAREHOUSE_ID            CHAR(16)              NOT NULL,
    W_WAREHOUSE_NAME          VARCHAR(20)                   ,
    W_WAREHOUSE_SQ_FT         INTEGER                       ,
    W_STREET_NUMBER           CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_STREET_NAME             VARCHAR(60)                   ,
    W_STREET_TYPE             CHAR(15)                      ,
    W_SUITE_NUMBER            CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_CITY                    VARCHAR(60)                   ,
    W_COUNTY                  VARCHAR(30)                   ,
    W_STATE                   CHAR(2)                       ,
    W_ZIP                     CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_COUNTRY                 VARCHAR(20)                   ,
    W_GMT_OFFSET              DECIMAL(5,2),
    PRIMARY KEY(W_WAREHOUSE_SK)
);
--或是用下面的语法，指定约束的名称。
openGauss=# CREATE TABLE tpcds.warehouse_t13
(
    W_WAREHOUSE_SK            INTEGER               NOT NULL,
    W_WAREHOUSE_ID            CHAR(16)              NOT NULL,
    W_WAREHOUSE_NAME          VARCHAR(20)                   ,
    W_WAREHOUSE_SQ_FT         INTEGER                       ,
    W_STREET_NUMBER           CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_STREET_NAME             VARCHAR(60)                   ,
    W_STREET_TYPE             CHAR(15)                      ,
    W_SUITE_NUMBER            CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_CITY                    VARCHAR(60)                   ,
    W_COUNTY                  VARCHAR(30)                   ,
    W_STATE                   CHAR(2)                       ,
    W_ZIP                     CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_COUNTRY                 VARCHAR(20)                   ,
    W_GMT_OFFSET              DECIMAL(5,2),
    CONSTRAINT W_CSTR_KEY1 PRIMARY KEY(W_WAREHOUSE_SK)
);
--创建一个有复合主键约束的表。
openGauss=# CREATE TABLE tpcds.warehouse_t14
(
    W_WAREHOUSE_SK            INTEGER               NOT NULL,
    W_WAREHOUSE_ID            CHAR(16)              NOT NULL,
    W_WAREHOUSE_NAME          VARCHAR(20)                   ,
    W_WAREHOUSE_SQ_FT         INTEGER                       ,
    W_STREET_NUMBER           CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_STREET_NAME             VARCHAR(60)                   ,
    W_STREET_TYPE             CHAR(15)                      ,
    W_SUITE_NUMBER            CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_CITY                    VARCHAR(60)                   ,
    W_COUNTY                  VARCHAR(30)                   ,
    W_STATE                   CHAR(2)                       ,
    W_ZIP                     CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_COUNTRY                 VARCHAR(20)                   ,
    W_GMT_OFFSET              DECIMAL(5,2),
    CONSTRAINT W_CSTR_KEY2 PRIMARY KEY(W_WAREHOUSE_SK, W_WAREHOUSE_ID)
);
--创建列存储表。
openGauss=# CREATE TABLE tpcds.warehouse_t15
(
    W_WAREHOUSE_SK            INTEGER               NOT NULL,
    W_WAREHOUSE_ID            CHAR(16)              NOT NULL,
    W_WAREHOUSE_NAME          VARCHAR(20)                   ,
    W_WAREHOUSE_SQ_FT         INTEGER                       ,
    W_STREET_NUMBER           CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_STREET_NAME             VARCHAR(60)                   ,
    W_STREET_TYPE             CHAR(15)                      ,
    W_SUITE_NUMBER            CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_CITY                    VARCHAR(60)                   ,
    W_COUNTY                  VARCHAR(30)                   ,
    W_STATE                   CHAR(2)                       ,
    W_ZIP                     CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_COUNTRY                 VARCHAR(20)                   ,
    W_GMT_OFFSET              DECIMAL(5,2)
) WITH (ORIENTATION = COLUMN);
--创建局部聚簇存储的列存储表。
openGauss=# CREATE TABLE tpcds.warehouse_t16
(
    W_WAREHOUSE_SK            INTEGER               NOT NULL,
    W_WAREHOUSE_ID            CHAR(16)              NOT NULL,
    W_WAREHOUSE_NAME          VARCHAR(20)                   ,
    W_WAREHOUSE_SQ_FT         INTEGER                       ,
    W_STREET_NUMBER           CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_STREET_NAME             VARCHAR(60)                   ,
    W_STREET_TYPE             CHAR(15)                      ,
    W_SUITE_NUMBER            CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_CITY                    VARCHAR(60)                   ,
    W_COUNTY                  VARCHAR(30)                   ,
    W_STATE                   CHAR(2)                       ,
    W_ZIP                     CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_COUNTRY                 VARCHAR(20)                   ,
    W_GMT_OFFSET              DECIMAL(5,2),
    PARTIAL CLUSTER KEY(W_WAREHOUSE_SK, W_WAREHOUSE_ID)
) WITH (ORIENTATION = COLUMN);
--定义一个带压缩的列存储表。
openGauss=# CREATE TABLE tpcds.warehouse_t17
(
    W_WAREHOUSE_SK            INTEGER               NOT NULL,
    W_WAREHOUSE_ID            CHAR(16)              NOT NULL,
    W_WAREHOUSE_NAME          VARCHAR(20)                   ,
    W_WAREHOUSE_SQ_FT         INTEGER                       ,
    W_STREET_NUMBER           CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_STREET_NAME             VARCHAR(60)                   ,
    W_STREET_TYPE             CHAR(15)                      ,
    W_SUITE_NUMBER            CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_CITY                    VARCHAR(60)                   ,
    W_COUNTY                  VARCHAR(30)                   ,
    W_STATE                   CHAR(2)                       ,
    W_ZIP                     CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_COUNTRY                 VARCHAR(20)                   ,
    W_GMT_OFFSET              DECIMAL(5,2)
) WITH (ORIENTATION = COLUMN, COMPRESSION=HIGH);
--定义一个检查列约束。
openGauss=# CREATE TABLE tpcds.warehouse_t19
(
    W_WAREHOUSE_SK            INTEGER               PRIMARY KEY CHECK (W_WAREHOUSE_SK > 0),
    W_WAREHOUSE_ID            CHAR(16)              NOT NULL,
    W_WAREHOUSE_NAME          VARCHAR(20)           CHECK (W_WAREHOUSE_NAME IS NOT NULL),
    W_WAREHOUSE_SQ_FT         INTEGER                       ,
    W_STREET_NUMBER           CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_STREET_NAME             VARCHAR(60)                   ,
    W_STREET_TYPE             CHAR(15)                      ,
    W_SUITE_NUMBER            CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_CITY                    VARCHAR(60)                   ,
    W_COUNTY                  VARCHAR(30)                   ,
    W_STATE                   CHAR(2)                       ,
    W_ZIP                     CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_COUNTRY                 VARCHAR(20)                   ,
    W_GMT_OFFSET              DECIMAL(5,2)
);
openGauss=# CREATE TABLE tpcds.warehouse_t20
(
    W_WAREHOUSE_SK            INTEGER               PRIMARY KEY,
    W_WAREHOUSE_ID            CHAR(16)              NOT NULL,
    W_WAREHOUSE_NAME          VARCHAR(20)           CHECK (W_WAREHOUSE_NAME IS NOT NULL),
    W_WAREHOUSE_SQ_FT         INTEGER                       ,
    W_STREET_NUMBER           CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_STREET_NAME             VARCHAR(60)                   ,
    W_STREET_TYPE             CHAR(15)                      ,
    W_SUITE_NUMBER            CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_CITY                    VARCHAR(60)                   ,
    W_COUNTY                  VARCHAR(30)                   ,
    W_STATE                   CHAR(2)                       ,
    W_ZIP                     CHAR(10)                      ,
    W_COUNTRY                 VARCHAR(20)                   ,
    W_GMT_OFFSET              DECIMAL(5,2),
    CONSTRAINT W_CONSTR_KEY2 CHECK(W_WAREHOUSE_SK > 0 AND W_WAREHOUSE_NAME IS NOT NULL) 
);
--向tpcds.warehouse_t19表中增加一个varchar列。
openGauss=# ALTER TABLE tpcds.warehouse_t19 ADD W_GOODS_CATEGORY varchar(30);
--给tpcds.warehouse_t19表增加一个检查约束。
openGauss=# ALTER TABLE tpcds.warehouse_t19 ADD CONSTRAINT W_CONSTR_KEY4 CHECK (W_STATE IS NOT NULL);
--在一个操作中改变两个现存字段的类型。
openGauss=# ALTER TABLE tpcds.warehouse_t19
    ALTER COLUMN W_GOODS_CATEGORY TYPE varchar(80),
    ALTER COLUMN W_STREET_NAME TYPE varchar(100);
--此语句与上面语句等效。
openGauss=# ALTER TABLE tpcds.warehouse_t19 MODIFY (W_GOODS_CATEGORY varchar(30), W_STREET_NAME varchar(60));
--给一个已存在字段添加非空约束。
openGauss=# ALTER TABLE tpcds.warehouse_t19 ALTER COLUMN W_GOODS_CATEGORY SET NOT NULL;
--移除已存在字段的非空约束。
openGauss=# ALTER TABLE tpcds.warehouse_t19 ALTER COLUMN W_GOODS_CATEGORY DROP NOT NULL;
--如果列存储表中还未指定局部聚簇，向在一个列存储表中添加局部聚簇列。
openGauss=# ALTER TABLE tpcds.warehouse_t17 ADD PARTIAL CLUSTER KEY(W_WAREHOUSE_SK);
--查看约束的名称，并删除一个列存储表中的局部聚簇列。
openGauss=# \d+ tpcds.warehouse_t17
                              Table "tpcds.warehouse_t17"
      Column       |         Type          | Modifiers | Storage  | Stats target | Description 
-------------------+-----------------------+-----------+----------+--------------+-------------
 w_warehouse_sk    | integer               | not null  | plain    |              | 
 w_warehouse_id    | character(16)         | not null  | extended |              | 
 w_warehouse_name  | character varying(20) |           | extended |              | 
 w_warehouse_sq_ft | integer               |           | plain    |              | 
 w_street_number   | character(10)         |           | extended |              | 
 w_street_name     | character varying(60) |           | extended |              | 
 w_street_type     | character(15)         |           | extended |              | 
 w_suite_number    | character(10)         |           | extended |              | 
 w_city            | character varying(60) |           | extended |              | 
 w_county          | character varying(30) |           | extended |              | 
 w_state           | character(2)          |           | extended |              | 
 w_zip             | character(10)         |           | extended |              | 
 w_country         | character varying(20) |           | extended |              | 
 w_gmt_offset      | numeric(5,2)          |           | main     |              | 
Partial Cluster :
    "warehouse_t17_cluster" PARTIAL CLUSTER KEY (w_warehouse_sk)
Has OIDs: no
Location Nodes: ALL DATANODES
Options: compression=no, version=0.12
openGauss=# ALTER TABLE tpcds.warehouse_t17 DROP CONSTRAINT warehouse_t17_cluster;
--将表移动到另一个表空间。
openGauss=# ALTER TABLE tpcds.warehouse_t19 SET TABLESPACE PG_DEFAULT; 
--创建模式joe。
openGauss=# CREATE SCHEMA joe;
--将表移动到另一个模式中。
openGauss=# ALTER TABLE tpcds.warehouse_t19 SET SCHEMA joe;
--重命名已存在的表。
openGauss=# ALTER TABLE joe.warehouse_t19 RENAME TO warehouse_t23;
--从warehouse_t23表中删除一个字段。
openGauss=# ALTER TABLE joe.warehouse_t23 DROP COLUMN W_STREET_NAME;
--删除表空间、模式joe和模式表warehouse。
openGauss=# DROP TABLE tpcds.warehouse_t1;
openGauss=# DROP TABLE tpcds.warehouse_t2;
openGauss=# DROP TABLE tpcds.warehouse_t3;
openGauss=# DROP TABLE tpcds.warehouse_t4;
openGauss=# DROP TABLE tpcds.warehouse_t5;
openGauss=# DROP TABLE tpcds.warehouse_t6;
openGauss=# DROP TABLE tpcds.warehouse_t7;
openGauss=# DROP TABLE tpcds.warehouse_t8;
openGauss=# DROP TABLE tpcds.warehouse_t9;
openGauss=# DROP TABLE tpcds.warehouse_t10;
openGauss=# DROP TABLE tpcds.warehouse_t11;
openGauss=# DROP TABLE tpcds.warehouse_t12;
openGauss=# DROP TABLE tpcds.warehouse_t13;
openGauss=# DROP TABLE tpcds.warehouse_t14;
openGauss=# DROP TABLE tpcds.warehouse_t15;
openGauss=# DROP TABLE tpcds.warehouse_t16;
openGauss=# DROP TABLE tpcds.warehouse_t17;
openGauss=# DROP TABLE tpcds.warehouse_t18;
openGauss=# DROP TABLE tpcds.warehouse_t20;
openGauss=# DROP TABLE tpcds.warehouse_t21;
openGauss=# DROP TABLE tpcds.warehouse_t22;
openGauss=# DROP TABLE joe.warehouse_t23;
openGauss=# DROP TABLE tpcds.warehouse_t24;
openGauss=# DROP TABLE tpcds.warehouse_t25;
openGauss=# DROP TABLESPACE DS_TABLESPACE1;
openGauss=# DROP SCHEMA IF EXISTS joe CASCADE;

3）查询数据

SELECT用于从表或视图中取出数据。

SELECT语句就像叠加在数据库表上的过滤器，利用SQL关键字从数据表中过滤出用户需要的数据。

（1）注意事项

必须对每个在SELECT命令中使用的字段有SELECT权限。

‚ 使用FOR UPDATE或FOR SHARE还要求UPDATE权限。

（2）语法格式

查询数据。

[ WITH [ RECURSIVE ] with_query [, ...] ]

SELECT [/*+ plan_hint */] [ ALL | DISTINCT [ ON ( expression [, ...] ) ] ]

{ * | {expression [ [ AS ] output_name ]} [, ...] }

[ FROM from_item [, ...] ]

[ WHERE condition ]

[ GROUP BY grouping_element [, ...] ]

[ HAVING condition [, ...] ]

[ WINDOW {window_name AS ( window_definition )} [, ...] ]

[ { UNION | INTERSECT | EXCEPT | MINUS } [ ALL | DISTINCT ] SELECT ]

[ ORDER BY {expression [ [ ASC | DESC | USING operator ] | nlssort_expression_clause ] [ NULLS { FIRST | LAST } ]} [, ...] ]

[ LIMIT { [offset,] count | ALL } ]

[ OFFSET start [ ROW | ROWS ] ]

[ FETCH { FIRST | NEXT } [ count ] { ROW | ROWS } ONLY ]

[ {FOR { UPDATE | SHARE } [ OF table_name [, ...] ] [ NOWAIT ]} [...] ];

其中子查询with_query为：

with_query_name [ ( column_name [, ...] ) ]

    AS ( {SELECT | values | INSERT | update | delete} )

其中指定查询源from_item为：

{[ ONLY ] table_name [ * ] [ partition_clause ] [ [ AS ] alias [ ( column_alias [, ...] ) ] ]

[ TABLESAMPLE sampling_method ( argument [, ...] ) [ REPEATABLE ( seed ) ] ]

|( SELECT ) [ AS ] alias [ ( column_alias [, ...] ) ]

|with_query_name [ [ AS ] alias [ ( column_alias [, ...] ) ] ]

|function_name ( [ argument [, ...] ] ) [ AS ] alias [ ( column_alias [, ...] | column_definition [, ...] ) ]

|function_name ( [ argument [, ...] ] ) AS ( column_definition [, ...] )

|from_item [ NATURAL ] join_type from_item [ ON join_condition | USING ( join_column [, ...] ) ]}

其中group子句为：

( )

| expression

| ( expression [, ...] )

| ROLLUP ( { expression | ( expression [, ...] ) } [, ...] )

| CUBE ( { expression | ( expression [, ...] ) } [, ...] )

| GROUPING SETS ( grouping_element [, ...] )

其中指定分区partition_clause为：

PARTITION { ( partition_name ) |

        FOR (  partition_value [, ...] ) }

指定分区只适合普通表。

其中设置排序方式nlssort_expression_clause为：

NLSSORT ( column_name, ' NLS_SORT = { SCHINESE_PINYIN_M | generic_m_ci } ' )

简化版查询语法，功能相当于SELECT * FROM table_name。

TABLE { ONLY {(table_name)| table_name} | table_name [ * ]};

（3）示例

--先通过子查询得到一张临时表temp_t，然后查询表temp_t中的所有数据。
openGauss=# WITH temp_t(name,isdba) AS (SELECT usename,usesuper FROM pg_user) SELECT * FROM temp_t;
--查询tpcds.reason表的所有r_reason_sk记录，且去除重复。
openGauss=# SELECT DISTINCT(r_reason_sk) FROM tpcds.reason;
--LIMIT子句示例：获取表中一条记录。
openGauss=# SELECT * FROM tpcds.reason LIMIT 1;
--查询所有记录，且按字母升序排列。
openGauss=# SELECT r_reason_desc FROM tpcds.reason ORDER BY r_reason_desc;
--通过表别名，从pg_user和pg_user_status这两张表中获取数据。
openGauss=# SELECT a.usename,b.locktime FROM pg_user a,pg_user_status b WHERE a.usesysid=b.roloid;
--FULL JOIN子句示例：将pg_user和pg_user_status这两张表的数据进行全连接显示，即数据的合集。
openGauss=# SELECT a.usename,b.locktime,a.usesuper FROM pg_user a FULL JOIN pg_user_status b on a.usesysid=b.roloid;
--GROUP BY子句示例：根据查询条件过滤，并对结果进行分组。
openGauss=# SELECT r_reason_id, AVG(r_reason_sk) FROM tpcds.reason GROUP BY r_reason_id HAVING AVG(r_reason_sk) > 25;
--GROUP BY CUBE子句示例：根据查询条件过滤，并对结果进行分组汇总。
openGauss=# SELECT r_reason_id,AVG(r_reason_sk) FROM tpcds.reason GROUP BY CUBE(r_reason_id,r_reason_sk);
--GROUP BY GROUPING SETS子句示例:根据查询条件过滤，并对结果进行分组汇总。
openGauss=# SELECT r_reason_id,AVG(r_reason_sk) FROM tpcds.reason GROUP BY GROUPING SETS((r_reason_id,r_reason_sk),r_reason_sk);
--UNION子句示例：将表tpcds.reason里r_reason_desc字段中的内容以W开头和以N开头的进行合并。
openGauss=# SELECT r_reason_sk, tpcds.reason.r_reason_desc
    FROM tpcds.reason
    WHERE tpcds.reason.r_reason_desc LIKE 'W%'
UNION
SELECT r_reason_sk, tpcds.reason.r_reason_desc
    FROM tpcds.reason
    WHERE tpcds.reason.r_reason_desc LIKE 'N%';
--NLS_SORT子句示例：中文拼音排序。
openGauss=# SELECT * FROM tpcds.reason ORDER BY NLSSORT( r_reason_desc, 'NLS_SORT = SCHINESE_PINYIN_M');
--不区分大小写排序:
openGauss=# SELECT * FROM tpcds.reason ORDER BY NLSSORT( r_reason_desc, 'NLS_SORT = generic_m_ci');
--创建分区表tpcds.reason_p
openGauss=# CREATE TABLE tpcds.reason_p
(
  r_reason_sk integer,
  r_reason_id character(16),
  r_reason_desc character(100)
)
PARTITION BY RANGE (r_reason_sk)
(
  partition P_05_BEFORE values less than (05),
  partition P_15 values less than (15),
  partition P_25 values less than (25),
  partition P_35 values less than (35),
  partition P_45_AFTER values less than (MAXVALUE)
)
;
--插入数据。
openGauss=# INSERT INTO tpcds.reason_p values(3,'AAAAAAAABAAAAAAA','reason 1'),(10,'AAAAAAAABAAAAAAA','reason 2'),(4,'AAAAAAAABAAAAAAA','reason 3'),(10,'AAAAAAAABAAAAAAA','reason 4'),(10,'AAAAAAAABAAAAAAA','reason 5'),(20,'AAAAAAAACAAAAAAA','reason 6'),(30,'AAAAAAAACAAAAAAA','reason 7');
--PARTITION子句示例：从tpcds.reason_p的表分区P_05_BEFORE中获取数据。
openGauss=#  SELECT * FROM tpcds.reason_p PARTITION (P_05_BEFORE);
 r_reason_sk |   r_reason_id    |   r_reason_desc                   
-------------+------------------+------------------------------------
           4 | AAAAAAAABAAAAAAA | reason 3                          
           3 | AAAAAAAABAAAAAAA | reason 1                          
(2 rows)
--GROUP BY子句示例：按r_reason_id分组统计tpcds.reason_p表中的记录数。
openGauss=# SELECT COUNT(*),r_reason_id FROM tpcds.reason_p GROUP BY r_reason_id;
 count |   r_reason_id    
-------+------------------
     2 | AAAAAAAACAAAAAAA
     5 | AAAAAAAABAAAAAAA
(2 rows)
--GROUP BY CUBE子句示例：根据查询条件过滤，并对查询结果分组汇总。
openGauss=# SELECT * FROM tpcds.reason GROUP BY  CUBE (r_reason_id,r_reason_sk,r_reason_desc);
--GROUP BY GROUPING SETS子句示例：根据查询条件过滤，并对查询结果分组汇总。
openGauss=# SELECT * FROM tpcds.reason GROUP BY  GROUPING SETS ((r_reason_id,r_reason_sk),r_reason_desc);
--HAVING子句示例：按r_reason_id分组统计tpcds.reason_p表中的记录，并只显示r_reason_id个数大于2的信息。
openGauss=# SELECT COUNT(*) c,r_reason_id FROM tpcds.reason_p GROUP BY r_reason_id HAVING c>2;
 c |   r_reason_id    
---+------------------
 5 | AAAAAAAABAAAAAAA
(1 row)
--IN子句示例：按r_reason_id分组统计tpcds.reason_p表中的r_reason_id个数，并只显示r_reason_id值为 AAAAAAAABAAAAAAA或AAAAAAAADAAAAAAA的个数。
openGauss=# SELECT COUNT(*),r_reason_id FROM tpcds.reason_p GROUP BY r_reason_id HAVING r_reason_id IN('AAAAAAAABAAAAAAA','AAAAAAAADAAAAAAA'); 
count |   r_reason_id    
-------+------------------
     5 | AAAAAAAABAAAAAAA
(1 row)
--INTERSECT子句示例：查询r_reason_id等于AAAAAAAABAAAAAAA，并且r_reason_sk小于5的信息。
openGauss=# SELECT * FROM tpcds.reason_p WHERE r_reason_id='AAAAAAAABAAAAAAA' INTERSECT SELECT * FROM tpcds.reason_p WHERE r_reason_sk<5;
 r_reason_sk |   r_reason_id    |     r_reason_desc                 
-------------+------------------+------------------------------------
           4 | AAAAAAAABAAAAAAA | reason 3                           
           3 | AAAAAAAABAAAAAAA | reason 1                           
(2 rows)
--EXCEPT子句示例：查询r_reason_id等于AAAAAAAABAAAAAAA，并且去除r_reason_sk小于4的信息。
openGauss=# SELECT * FROM tpcds.reason_p WHERE r_reason_id='AAAAAAAABAAAAAAA' EXCEPT SELECT * FROM tpcds.reason_p WHERE r_reason_sk<4;
r_reason_sk |   r_reason_id    |      r_reason_desc                  
-------------+------------------+------------------------------------
          10 | AAAAAAAABAAAAAAA | reason 2                          
          10 | AAAAAAAABAAAAAAA | reason 5                          
          10 | AAAAAAAABAAAAAAA | reason 4                          
           4 | AAAAAAAABAAAAAAA | reason 3                          
(4 rows)
--通过在WHERE子句中指定"(+)"来实现左连接。
openGauss=# SELECT t1.sr_item_sk ,t2.c_customer_id FROM store_returns t1, customer t2 WHERE t1.sr_customer_sk  = t2.c_customer_sk(+) 
order by 1 desc limit 1;
 sr_item_sk | c_customer_id
------------+---------------
      18000 |
(1 row)
--通过在WHERE子句中指定"(+)"来实现右连接。
openGauss=# SELECT t1.sr_item_sk ,t2.c_customer_id FROM store_returns t1, customer t2 WHERE t1.sr_customer_sk(+)  = t2.c_customer_sk 
order by 1 desc limit 1;
 sr_item_sk |  c_customer_id
------------+------------------
            | AAAAAAAAJNGEBAAA
(1 row)
--通过在WHERE子句中指定"(+)"来实现左连接，并且增加连接条件。
openGauss=# SELECT t1.sr_item_sk ,t2.c_customer_id FROM store_returns t1, customer t2 WHERE t1.sr_customer_sk  = t2.c_customer_sk(+) and t2.c_customer_sk(+) < 1 order by 1  limit 1;
 sr_item_sk | c_customer_id
------------+---------------
          1 |
(1 row)
--不支持在WHERE子句中指定"(+)"的同时使用内层嵌套AND/OR的表达式。
openGauss=# SELECT t1.sr_item_sk ,t2.c_customer_id FROM store_returns t1, customer t2 WHERE not(t1.sr_customer_sk  = t2.c_customer_sk(+) and t2.c_customer_sk(+) < 1);
ERROR:  Operator "(+)" can not be used in nesting expression.
LINE 1: ...tomer_id FROM store_returns t1, customer t2 WHERE not(t1.sr_...
                                                             ^
--WHERE子句在不支持表达式宏指定"(+)"会报错。
openGauss=# SELECT t1.sr_item_sk ,t2.c_customer_id FROM store_returns t1, customer t2 WHERE (t1.sr_customer_sk  = t2.c_customer_sk(+))::bool;
ERROR:  Operator "(+)" can only be used in common expression.
--WHERE子句在表达式的两边都指定"(+)"会报错。
openGauss=# SELECT t1.sr_item_sk ,t2.c_customer_id FROM store_returns t1, customer t2 WHERE t1.sr_customer_sk(+)  = t2.c_customer_sk(+);
ERROR:  Operator "(+)" can't be specified on more than one relation in one join condition
HINT:  "t1", "t2"...are specified Operator "(+)" in one condition.
--删除表。
openGauss=# DROP TABLE tpcds.reason_p;