Django路由和视图（筛选）

温习

温故知新

1. 路由分发

方式一：include

from django.urls import path, include

urlpatterns = [
    path('app/', include('app.urls'))
]

方式二：手工分发

urlpatterns = [
    # path('user/login/', login, name='login'),
    # path('user/logout', logout, name='logout')
    path('user/', ([
        path('login/', login, name='login'),
        path('logout/', logout, name='logout')
                   ], None, None))
]

手工分发纯粹帮忙提取功能的URL，防止重写，接触的项目多了，这个方式会遇到

2. name

2.1 无参数的反向解析

urlpatterns = [
    path('user/login/', login, name='login'),
    path('user/auth/', index, name='auth')
]

在路由中，可以添加 name， 有了 name 后，可以用到视图函数或者HTML模版中

• 视图View

from django.urls import reverse
from django.shortcuts import redirect

url = reverse('login') # /user/login/
url = reverse('auth') # /user/auth/

• HTML模版

<a href="{% url 'auth' %}">跳转</a>

模版中， url 通过反向解析 name，得出 url 放到 html 页面当中

2.2 带参数的反向解析

urlpatterns = [
    path('login/<str:role>/', login, name='login'),
    re_path('auth/(\d+)/(\w+)/', index, name='auth'),
    re_path('home/(?P<nid>\d+)/(?P<name>\w+)/', home, name='home')

]

• 视图View

from django.urls import reverse
from django.shortcuts import redirect

url = reverse('login', kwargs={'role':'man'}) # /login/man/
url = reverse('auth', args=(123, 'auth') # /auth/123/auth/
url = reverse('home', kwargs={'nid': 123, 'name':'aqiang'}) # /home/123/aqiang/

• HTML模版

<a href="{% url 'auth' 123 'auth' %}">跳转</a>
<a href="{% url 'login' role='aqiang' %}">跳转</a>

3. namespace

用来辅助 name 的作用

• 主路由

  from django.urls import path, re_path, include
  
  urlpatterns = [
      path('api/', include("apps.api.urls",namespace='x1')),
      path('web/', include("apps.web.urls",namespace='x2')),
  ]
  

• api/urls

  from django.urls import path, re_path
  from . import views
  urlpatterns = [
      path('login/', views.login,name="login"),
      path('auth/', views.auth, name='auth'),
  ]
  

• web/urls

  from django.urls import path, re_path
  from . import views
  urlpatterns = [
      path('home/', views.home,name='home'),
      path('order/', views.order,name='order'),
      path('auth/', views.order, name='auth'),
  ]
  

以后在不同的组件中若有相同的 name，可以通过 namespace 确定是哪一个路由

from django.urls import reverse
url = reverse("x1:login")    # /api/login/
url = reverse("x1:order")    # /web/login/


url = reverse("x1:auth")    # /api/login/
url = reverse("x2:auth")    # /web/login/

4. request

from django.shortcuts import HttpResponse

def login(request):
    # 1.当前URL  /api/login/
    print(request.path_info)

    # 2.URL传递的参数
    print(request.GET)
    print(request.GET.get("age"))

    # 3.请求方式  GET/POST
    print(request.method)

    # 4.如果post请求，传递请求体（原始数据）
    print(
        request.body)  # b'{"code":"083Sjmll2yla694F3bll2DguCM2SjmlG","unionId":"oP6QCsyT_9bk1dfSaVf0GEV5Y-yE"}'  b'v1=123&v2=456'

    # 4.1 请求体+请求头       b'v1=123&v2=456'  +  content-type:application/x-www-form-urlencoded
    print(request.POST)
    print(request.POST.get("v1"))
    print(request.POST.get("v2"))

    # 4.2 请求体+请求头   文件
    print(request.FILES)  # 文件格式           + multipart/form-data
    print(request.FILES.get("n1"))
    print(request.FILES.get("n2"))

    # 5.请求头
    # {'Content-Length': '', 'Content-Type': 'text/plain', 'Host': '127.0.0.1:8000', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'Cache-Control': 'max-age=0', 'Sec-Ch-Ua': '" Not A;Brand";v="99", "Chromium";v="102", "Google Chrome";v="102"', 'Sec-Ch-Ua-Mobile': '?0', 'Sec-Ch-Ua-Platform': '"macOS"', 'Upgrade-Insecure-Requests': '1', 'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_7) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/102.0.0.0 Safari/537.36', 'Accept': 'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.9', 'Sec-Fetch-Site': 'none', 'Sec-Fetch-Mode': 'navigate', 'Sec-Fetch-User': '?1', 'Sec-Fetch-Dest': 'document', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate, br', 'Accept-Language': 'zh-CN,zh;q=0.9,en;q=0.8,zh-TW;q=0.7', 'Cookie': 'csrftoken=CdidpKSGbLxzmOXnbmlkvrZep1eJmKLAA81T73UjcjxEnMOa4YOZqtc849AkYfUy'}
    print(request.headers)

    # 5.1 请求头有个特殊的cookie
    # request.headers['cookie']  # 'csrftoken=CdidpKSGbLxzmOXnbmlkvrZep1eJmKLAA81T73UjcjxEnMOa4YOZqtc849AkYfUy;session=xxxx'
    # {'csrftoken': 'CdidpKSGbLxzmOXnbmlkvrZep1eJmKLAA81T73UjcjxEnMOa4YOZqtc849AkYfUy'}
    print(request.COOKIES)

    # 6.requests中其他值
    print(request.resolver_match)

    return HttpResponse("login")

5. 静态文件

settings.py

STATIC_URL = '/static/'
STATICFILES_DIRS = (
    os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'static'),
)

• 顺序：…

• 多app开发：各自app的图片放在各自 /static/app名字/…

• 在开发过程中

  • 禁止

  <img src="/static/api/1.png">
  

  • 建议

  {% load static %}
  ...
  <img src="{% static 'api/1.png' %}">