目录
3、Adding, removing, and sorting elements
Transposing（转置） and reshaping a matrix
10、Working with mathematical formulas
1、array
what is array
An array is a central data structure of the NumPy library.
An array is a grid of values and it contains information about the raw data, how to locate an element, and how to interpret an element.（比如学pytorch）
import numpy as np
import torch
a = np.array([[1, 2, 3, 4], [5, 6, 7, 8], [9, 10, 11, 12]])
print(a)
print(a.dtype)
print(a.shape)
''''
In NumPy, dimensions are called axes.
[[ 1 2 3 4]
[ 5 6 7 8]
[ 9 10 11 12]]
这个矩阵可以说，3行四列
也可以说
The first axis has a length of 3 and the second axis has a length of 4.
'''
print(a[0])narray
N-dimensional array
The NumPy ndarray class is used to represent both matrices（矩阵） and vectors（向量）.
vector: an array with a single dimension
matrix: an array with two dimensions
tensor（张量）: 3-D or higher dimensional array
2、create a basic array
import numpy as np
import torch
a = np.zeros(2)
print(a)
a = np.ones(2)
print(a)
a = np.arange(4) #an array with a range of elements
print(a)
b = np.arange(1,8,3) #start end step
print(b)
a = np.linspace(0, 10, num=5) #分5分 线性增加
print(a)
a = np.ones(2, dtype=np.int64) #specify the type
print(a)水平和垂直操作
水平和垂直合并
import numpy as np
a1 = np.array([[1, 1],
[2, 2]])
a2= np.array([[3, 3],
[4, 4]])
a_h = np.hstack((a1,a2)) #水平
print(a_h)
a_v = np.vstack((a1,a2)) #vertical 垂直
print(a_v)水平和垂直分裂
import numpy as np
a = np.arange(1,25).reshape(2,12)
print(a)
print(a.shape)
'''
返回一个列表
返回3个array
每个array 的shape （2*4） 4 = 12/3， 原先12列
'''
a_hsp = np.hsplit(a, 3)
print(a_hsp)
print(a_hsp[0].shape)
3、Adding, removing, and sorting elements
排序
import numpy as np
import torch
arr = np.array([2, 1, 5, 3, 7, 4, 6, 8])
print(arr)
arr_sort = np.sort(arr)
print(arr_sort)
print(arr)
可以看出，排序不会改变原来序列的元素
比如
import numpy as np
import torch
'''
返回排好序的序列的元素的索引
'''
x = np.array([3, 1, 2])
index = np.argsort(x)
print(index) #3-0,1-1,2-2, 返回的索引1,2,0concatenate 连接
import numpy as np
import torch
a = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4])
b = np.array([5, 6, 7, 8])
c = np.concatenate((a, b))
print(c)
x = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
print(x) # 2*2
y = np.array([[5, 6]])
z = np.concatenate((x, y), axis=0) #列数相同 连接
print(z)
x = np.array([[1, 2, 3]])
print(x) # 2*2
y = np.array([[5, 6]])
z = np.concatenate((x, y), axis=1) #行数相同 连接
print(z)4、shape of array
get the shape of array
'''
三维的 array 3x2x4
'''
array_example = np.array([[[0, 1, 2, 3],
[4, 5, 6, 7]],
[[0, 1, 2, 3],
[4, 5, 6, 7]],
[[0 ,1 ,2, 3],
[4, 5, 6, 7]]])
print(array_example)
print(array_example.ndim) #打印维度
print(array_example.shape)
print(array_example.size) #打印元素的总个数reshape
import numpy as np
'''
三维的 array 3x2x4
'''
array_example = np.array([[[0, 1, 2, 3],
[4, 5, 6, 7]],
[[0, 1, 2, 3],
[4, 5, 6, 7]],
[[0 ,1 ,2, 3],
[4, 5, 6, 7]]])
print(array_example)
array_example1 = np.reshape(array_example,newshape=(3,4,2),order='C')
print(array_example1.shape)
print(array_example1)
5、convert array(比如 一维 到 二维)
import numpy as np
a = np.array([1,2,3,4,5,6])
print(a)
print(a.shape)
a2 = a[np.newaxis, :] #np.newaxis will increase the dimensions of your array
print(a2)
print(a2.shape)
a3 = np.expand_dims(a, axis=1) # expand dim 扩展维度
print(a3)
print(a3.shape)
6、index of array
index
import numpy as np
data = np.array([1, 2, 3])
print(data[1])
print(data[1:])
print(data[-2:])对序列里的元素进行限定
import numpy as np
a = np.array([[1 , 2, 3, 4], [5, 6, 7, 8], [9, 10, 11, 12]])
#建立一个条件判别式
five_blow = (a <= 5)
print(a[five_blow])
divisible_by_2 = (a % 2 == 0)
print(a[divisible_by_2])
c = a[(a > 2) & (a < 11)]
print(c)返回 boolean values
import numpy as np
a = np.array([[1 , 2, 3, 4], [5, 6, 7, 8], [9, 10, 11, 12]])
five_up = (a > 5) | (a == 5)
print(five_up)7、Basic array operations
基本运算
addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and more
import numpy as np
a = np.array([1,2])
b = np.ones(2,dtype=int)
print(a)
print(b)
c = a + b
print(c)
c1 = a - b
print(c1)
c2 = a * b
print(c2)
c3 = a // a
print(c3)求和 求最值
import numpy as np
a = np.array([1,2])
print(a.max())
print(a.min())
print(a.sum())reverse an array 取反
一维
import numpy as np
arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8])
reversed_arr = np.flip(arr)
print(reversed_arr)
多维
import numpy as np
arr_2d = np.array([[1, 2, 3, 4], [5, 6, 7, 8], [9, 10, 11, 12]])
arr_2d_re = np.flip(arr_2d,axis=0) # 按 行 取反
print(arr_2d_re)
arr_2d_re1 = np.flip(arr_2d,axis=1) # 按 行 取反
print(arr_2d_re1)
arr_2d_re2 = np.flip(arr_2d)
print(arr_2d_re2) 
指定行列取反
import numpy as np
arr_2d = np.array([[1, 2, 3, 4], [5, 6, 7, 8], [9, 10, 11, 12]])
arr_2d[1] = np.flip(arr_2d[1]) # 第二行 取反
print(arr_2d)
arr_2d = np.array([[1, 2, 3, 4], [5, 6, 7, 8], [9, 10, 11, 12]])
arr_2d[:,1] = np.flip(arr_2d[:,1]) # 第二列 取反
print(arr_2d) 
多维序列 扁平化
Reshaping and flattening multidimensional arrays
import numpy as np
arr_2d = np.array([[1, 2, 3, 4], [5, 6, 7, 8], [9, 10, 11, 12]])
a_flat = arr_2d.flatten()
print(a_flat)
import numpy as np
arr_2d = np.array([[1, 2, 3, 4], [5, 6, 7, 8], [9, 10, 11, 12]])
a_flat = arr_2d.flatten()
print(a_flat)
'''
对原先的array 不产生影响
'''
a_flat[0] = 99
print(arr_2d)
print(a_flat)
'''
use ravel, the changes you make to the new array
will affect the parent array.
扁平化了 且与原始的array 有直接影响
'''
a_flat2 = arr_2d.ravel()
print(a_flat2)
a_flat2[0] = 99
print(a_flat2)
print(arr_2d)8、matrices 矩阵
创建矩阵
import numpy as np
matrix = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4], [5, 6]])
print(matrix)
print(matrix[0,1])
print(matrix[1:2])
print(matrix[1:2,1]) 
import numpy as np
matrix = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4], [5, 6]])
print(matrix)
print(matrix.max())
print(matrix.min())
print(matrix.sum())
print(matrix.max(axis=0)) #每列的最大值
print(matrix.max(axis=1)) #每行的最大值 
矩阵相加
import numpy as np
data = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
ones = np.array([[1, 1], [1, 1]])
sumArray = data + ones
print(sumArray)
broadcast - 扩大
use its broadcast rules for the operation.
会自动补充
import numpy as np
data = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4], [5, 6]])
ones_row = np.array([[1, 1]])
sumArray = data + ones_row
print(sumArray) 
随机数矩阵
import numpy as np
rng = np.random.default_rng(0)
n = rng.random((2,3))
print(n)
创建一个大于1，小于5 的 2*4 的矩阵
import numpy as np
rng = np.random.default_rng(1)
n = rng.integers(5,size=(2,4))
print(n)
Transposing（转置） and reshaping a matrix
import numpy as np
arr = np.array([[1,2,3],[4,5,6]])
print(arr)
arr1 = arr.reshape(3,2)
print(arr1)
#矩阵的转置,两种方法
arr2 = arr.transpose()
print(arr2)
arr3 = arr.T
print(arr3)9、unique items and count
一维
返回不重复的元素 及其 index
import numpy as np
a = np.array([11, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 12, 13, 11, 14, 18, 19, 20])
unique_values, indices_list = np.unique(a, return_index=True)
print(unique_values)
print(indices_list)
返回不重复的元素 及其 元素重复的个数
import numpy as np
a = np.array([11, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 12, 13, 11, 14, 18, 19, 20])
unique_values, occurrence_count = np.unique(a, return_counts=True)
print(unique_values)
print(occurrence_count) 
多维
import numpy as np
a_2d = np.array([[1, 2, 3, 4], [5, 6, 7, 8], [9, 10, 11, 12], [1, 2, 3, 4]])
print(a_2d.shape)
unique_rows, indices, occurrence_count \
= np.unique( a_2d, axis=0, return_counts=True, return_index=True)
print(unique_rows) # 返回独特的行向量
print(indices) # 行 对应的 坐标
print(occurrence_count) #行 出现的 次数
10、Working with mathematical formulas
11、 和pandas 和 Matplotlib
12、随机数 random 相关
np 的随机数 seed
seed()中的参数被设置了之后，np.random.seed()可以按顺序产生一组固定的数组，如果使用相同的seed()值，则每次生成的随机数都相同。如果不设置这个值，那么每次生成的随机数不同。但是，只在调用的时候seed()一下并不能使生成的随机数相同，需要每次调用都seed()一下，表示种子相同，从而生成的随机数相同。
eg1、两次 都是 seed(1)
import random
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
np.random.seed(1)
L1 = np.random.randn(3, 3)
np.random.seed(1)
L2 = np.random.randn(3, 3)
print(L1)
print(L2)
eg2 一次seed(1),一次seed(2)
import random
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
np.random.seed(1)
L1 = np.random.randn(3, 3)
np.random.seed(2)
L2 = np.random.randn(3, 3)
print(L1)
print(L2)
结论，seed（参数），系统给你分配某堆种子，我们就从这一堆种子找到的随机数
random.normal ，高斯分布的随机数
Draw random samples from a normal (Gaussian) distribution
import random
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
# 数据准备
np.random.seed(10)
mu, sigma = 1, 2 # mean and standard deviation(标准差)
s = np.random.normal(mu, sigma, 1000)
# 计算上面这组随机数 的 均值 和 方差
s_mean = abs(mu - np.mean(s))
print('s的均值 与 设定值 之差: ',s_mean)
s_variance = abs(sigma - np.std(s, ddof=1))
print('s的方差 与 设定值 之差: ',s_variance)
#差距很小，近似了
random.uniform 均匀分布
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
# make the data
np.random.seed(3)
s = np.random.uniform(-1,0,1000)
count, bins, ignored = plt.hist(s, 16, density=True)
plt.plot(bins, np.ones_like(bins), linewidth=2, color='r')
plt.show() 
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