ubuntu系统添加磁盘

在使用Ubuntu系统的过程中会出现磁盘空间不足的问题，本文记录了为Ubuntu添加一块新的磁盘并进行挂载的过程。

:/$ lsblk
NAME                      MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sr0                        11:0    1 1024M  0 rom  
vda                       252:0    0  100G  0 disk 
├─vda1                    252:1    0    1M  0 part 
├─vda2                    252:2    0  1.5G  0 part /boot
└─vda3                    252:3    0 98.5G  0 part 
  └─ubuntu--vg-ubuntu--lv 253:0    0 49.3G  0 lvm  /
vdb                       252:16   0 1000G  0 disk 

此处可以看出vdb尚未进行初始化，无法供文件系统使用。使用fdisk -l确认系统检测到新增磁盘：

:/$ sudo fdisk -l
Disk /dev/vda: 100 GiB, 107374182400 bytes, 209715200 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: gpt
Disk identifier: 1B239CED-5775-4316-8D16-144AEAD70FD6

Device       Start       End   Sectors  Size Type
/dev/vda1     2048      4095      2048    1M BIOS boot
/dev/vda2     4096   3149823   3145728  1.5G Linux filesystem
/dev/vda3  3149824 209713151 206563328 98.5G Linux filesystem


Disk /dev/vdb: 1000 GiB, 1073741824000 bytes, 2097152000 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes


Disk /dev/mapper/ubuntu--vg-ubuntu--lv: 49.25 GiB, 52877590528 bytes, 103276544 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

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要将磁盘用于文件系统，需要进行以下步骤：

1. 磁盘分区：将一个磁盘分为一个或多个区（Part）并格式化。
2. 创建物理卷。
3. 创建逻辑卷：从卷组中划分逻辑卷。
4. 格式化逻辑卷：使用适当的文件系统格式对逻辑卷进行格式化。
5. 挂载逻辑卷：将逻辑卷挂载到文件系统目录以供读写访问。
6. 设置系统启动时自动挂载。

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1 磁盘分区

# 使用fdisk命令进入磁盘开始分区
:/$ sudo fdisk /dev/vdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.34).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.

Device does not contain a recognized partition table.
Created a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x8a5c0f19.

Command (m for help): m

Help:

  DOS (MBR)
   a   toggle a bootable flag
   b   edit nested BSD disklabel
   c   toggle the dos compatibility flag

  Generic
   d   delete a partition
   F   list free unpartitioned space
   l   list known partition types
   n   add a new partition
   p   print the partition table
   t   change a partition type
   v   verify the partition table
   i   print information about a partition

  Misc
   m   print this menu
   u   change display/entry units
   x   extra functionality (experts only)

  Script
   I   load disk layout from sfdisk script file
   O   dump disk layout to sfdisk script file

  Save & Exit
   w   write table to disk and exit
   q   quit without saving changes

  Create a new label
   g   create a new empty GPT partition table
   G   create a new empty SGI (IRIX) partition table
   o   create a new empty DOS partition table
   s   create a new empty Sun partition table


Command (m for help): g
Created a new GPT disklabel (GUID: 0C67AF26-366B-8A4C-983F-054AD54D43A8).

Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/vdb: 1000 GiB, 1073741824000 bytes, 2097152000 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: gpt
Disk identifier: 0C67AF26-366B-8A4C-983F-054AD54D43A8

Command (m for help): n
Partition number (1-128, default 1): 1
First sector (2048-2097151966, default 2048): 
Last sector, +/-sectors or +/-size{K,M,G,T,P} (2048-2097151966, default 2097151966): 

Created a new partition 1 of type 'Linux filesystem' and of size 1000 GiB.

Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered.
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.

#磁盘分区格式化
:/$ sudo mkfs -t xfs /dev/vdb1
meta-data=/dev/vdb1              isize=512    agcount=4, agsize=65535935 blks
         =                       sectsz=512   attr=2, projid32bit=1
         =                       crc=1        finobt=1, sparse=1, rmapbt=0
         =                       reflink=1
data     =                       bsize=4096   blocks=262143739, imaxpct=25
         =                       sunit=0      swidth=0 blks
naming   =version 2              bsize=4096   ascii-ci=0, ftype=1
log      =internal log           bsize=4096   blocks=127999, version=2
         =                       sectsz=512   sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none                   extsz=4096   blocks=0, rtextents=0

:/$ lsblk
NAME                      MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sr0                        11:0    1 1024M  0 rom  
vda                       252:0    0  100G  0 disk 
├─vda1                    252:1    0    1M  0 part 
├─vda2                    252:2    0  1.5G  0 part /boot
└─vda3                    252:3    0 98.5G  0 part 
  └─ubuntu--vg-ubuntu--lv 253:0    0 49.3G  0 lvm  /
vdb                       252:16   0 1000G  0 disk 
└─vdb1                    252:17   0 1000G  0 part 
# 分区完成

2 创建物理卷

:/$ sudo pvcreate /dev/vdb1
WARNING: xfs signature detected on /dev/vdb1 at offset 0. Wipe it? [y/n]: y
  Wiping xfs signature on /dev/vdb1.
  Physical volume "/dev/vdb1" successfully created.

# 创建卷组：sudo vgcreate <my_volume_group_name> /dev/vdb1
:/$ sudo vgcreate vg-data /dev/vdb1
  Volume group "vg-data" successfully created

3 创建逻辑卷

# sudo lvcreate -L 1000G -n <my_logical_volume_name> <my_volume_group_name>
:/$ sudo lvcreate -L 1000G -n vg-data_lv-data vg-data
  Volume group "vg-data" has insufficient free space (255999 extents): 256000 required.

:/$ sudo lvcreate -L 999G -n vg-data_lv-data vg-data
  Logical volume "vg-data_lv-data" created.

4 格式化逻辑卷

# sudo mkfs.<filesystem_type> /dev/<my_volume_group_name>/<my_logical_volume_name>
# 根据你的需要选择适当的文件系统类型，例如ext4、xfs等。
:/$ sudo mkfs.xfs /dev/vg-data/vg-data_lv-data
meta-data=/dev/vg-data/vg-data_lv-data isize=512    agcount=4, agsize=65470464 blks
         =                       sectsz=512   attr=2, projid32bit=1
         =                       crc=1        finobt=1, sparse=1, rmapbt=0
         =                       reflink=1
data     =                       bsize=4096   blocks=261881856, imaxpct=25
         =                       sunit=0      swidth=0 blks
naming   =version 2              bsize=4096   ascii-ci=0, ftype=1
log      =internal log           bsize=4096   blocks=127872, version=2
         =                       sectsz=512   sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none                   extsz=4096   blocks=0, rtextents=0

5 挂载逻辑卷

# 创建挂载点
:/$ sudo mkdir -p /data
# 挂载逻辑卷sudo mount /dev/<my_volume_group_name>/<my_logical_volume_name> /data
:/$ sudo mount /dev/vg-data/vg-data_lv-data /data

6 设置系统启动自动挂载

:/$ sudo vim /etc/fstab

# 在文件的末尾添加以下行：
# /dev/<my_volume_group_name>/<my_logical_volume_name> /data <filesystem_type> defaults 0 0
# <filesystem_type> 是你选择的文件系统类型，例如ext4、xfs等。

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查看新挂载的磁盘是否可供文件系统使用。

:/$ df -h
Filesystem                              Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
udev                                    7.8G     0  7.8G   0% /dev
tmpfs                                   1.6G  212M  1.4G  14% /run
/dev/mapper/ubuntu--vg-ubuntu--lv        49G   13G   33G  28% /
tmpfs                                   7.8G     0  7.8G   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs                                   5.0M     0  5.0M   0% /run/lock
tmpfs                                   7.8G     0  7.8G   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/vda2                               1.5G  219M  1.2G  16% /boot
tmpfs                                   1.6G   92K  1.6G   1% /run/user/1000
/dev/mapper/vg--data-vg--data_lv--data  999G  7.0G  992G   1% /data