DQL数据库查询操作（入门）

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文章标签：数据库 sql java

于 2022-12-13 22:43:44 首次发布

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_55816781/article/details/128309134

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（tip：sql脚本在文末尾）

DQL-数据库查询操作

1 查询基础

1.1 select 操作

#查询所有学生信息
SELECT * FROM student

#查询学生表中的学号与姓名
SELECT sno,sname FROM student

#查询学生表中的学号与姓名，并且给一个字段别名
SELECT sno AS studentNo,sname AS '姓名' FROM student

#查询学生表中的姓名信息，并过滤掉相同姓名信息
SELECT DISTINCT sname FROM student

#查询学生个数，年龄总和，平均年龄，最大年龄，最小年龄，并给他们一个别名
SELECT COUNT(*) AS '学生个数',SUM(age) AS '年龄总和',AVG(age) AS '平均年龄',MAX(age) AS '最大年龄',MIN(age) AS '最小年龄' FROM student

1.2 where

参考SQL

#查询所有男生的信息
SELECT * FROM student WHERE sex = '男'

#查询所有21岁男生的信息
SELECT * FROM student WHERE sex = '男' and age = 21

1.3 模糊查询

参考SQL

#查询姓‘陈’的同学
SELECT * FROM student WHERE sname LIKE '陈%'

#查询名字中出现‘陈’的同学
SELECT * FROM student WHERE sname LIKE '%陈%'

#查询姓陈的二个字姓名的同学
SELECT * FROM student where sname LIKE '陈_' 

#查询名字结尾是‘樱’的三个字姓名的同学
SELECT * FROM student where sname LIKE '__樱'

1.4 排序(ORDER BY)

参考SQL

#根据学生年龄从大到小进行排序学生信息
SELECT * FROM student ORDER BY age desc

#根据学生年龄从小到大进行排序'男'同学信息
SELECT *FROM student where sex = '男' ORDER BY age

#第一排序根据学生年龄升序进行排序，第二排序根据‘学号’降序排序的同学信息
SELECT * FROM student ORDER BY age,sno desc

1.5 分组与having子句

参考SQL

#分组一般和聚合函数一起使用
#根据性别进行分组，并分别统计各组的人数
SELECT sex,COUNT(*) AS 人数 from student GROUP BY sex 

#根据性别进行分组，并分别统计各组的同学的平均年龄
SELECT sex,avg(age) AS 平均年龄 from student GROUP BY sex 

#HAVING子句 一般是配合GROUP BY使用
#根据性别进行分组，并统计各组的人数大于3人的分组信息
SELECT sex,COUNT(*) AS sexGroup from student GROUP BY sex HAVING sexGroup > 3

#MYSQL中 HAVING子句可以单独使用 相当于where
SELECT * FROM student HAVING age = 21

#MYSQL中 HAVING子句也可以和where使用，但是要放在最后
SELECT * FROM student where age = 21 HAVING sex = '男'

1.6 限制显示条数-limit

参考SQL

#显示学生表信息的前3条
SELECT * FROM student LIMIT 0,3

#显示学生表信息的2-4条
SELECT * FROM student LIMIT 1,3

#显示年龄第2大和第3大的"男"学生
SELECT * FROM student where sex = '男' ORDER BY age LIMIT 1,2

2 比较逻辑运算

参考SQL

#查询年龄大于20岁小于23岁的男生
SELECT * FROM student WHERE age > 20 and age < 23 and sex = '男' 

#区间的另一种写法 BETWEEN 大于等于20岁小于等于23岁(BETWEEN)
SELECT * FROM student WHERE age BETWEEN 20 and 23 

#查询性别是男，或者年龄大于等于21岁的学生(or)
SELECT * FROM student where sex  = '男' or age >= 21

#查询地址为''的学生信息
SELECT * FROM student where address = ''

#查询地址为null的学生信息(IS NULL)
SELECT * FROM student where address IS NULL

#查询年龄不是21岁的学生(!= 或者 <>)
SELECT * FROM student where age != 21
SELECT * FROM student where age <> 21

#查询地址不为null的学生信息(IS NOT NULL)
SELECT * FROM student where address IS NOT NULL

3 多表连接

3.1 内连接(sb INSERT JOIN sb ON sth)

参考SQL

#显示拥有系别学生学号，姓名，及所在系名称-[内连接方式](sb INSERT JOIN sb ON sth)
SELECT s.sno,s.sname,d.dname FROM student s INNER JOIN dept d on s.did = d.did
SELECT s.sno,s.sname,d.dname FROM student s JOIN dept d on s.did = d.did

#不推荐写法
SELECT s.*,d.dname FROM student s,dept d WHERE s.did = d.did

3.2 左连接(以左边的表为主)

参考代码

#显示所有学生信息，及所在系情况-[左连接/左外连接]
SELECT s.sno,s.sname,d.dname FROM student s LEFT JOIN dept d on s.did = d.did
SELECT s.sno,s.sname,d.dname FROM student s LEFT OUTER JOIN dept d on s.did = d.did

#左连接已左边的表为主
SELECT d.*,s.* FROM dept d LEFT JOIN student s ON s.did = d.did

3.3 右连接（以右边的表为主）

参考代码

#右连接/右外连接
SELECT s.sno,s.sname,d.dname FROM student s RIGHT JOIN dept d on s.did = d.did
SELECT s.sno,s.sname,d.dname FROM student s RIGHT OUTER JOIN dept d on s.did = d.did

3.4 全连接

MYSQL不支持FULL JOIN

SELECT d.*,s.* FROM dept d LEFT JOIN student s ON s.did = d.did
UNION
SELECT d.*,s.* FROM dept d RIGHT JOIN student s ON s.did = d.did

3.5 综合案例

#查询已选课学生姓名，课程名称，课程成绩
SELECT s.sname,c.cname,sc.degree FROM sc 
INNER JOIN student s ON sc.sno = s.sno 
INNER JOIN course c ON sc.cno = c.cno

#查询至少选修一门课的女同学姓名，除去重复姓名项
SELECT DISTINCT s.sname FROM sc INNER JOIN student s ON sc.sno = s.sno 
where s.sex = '女'

4 子查询

4.1 =

SQL代码

#查询和'陈樱'同龄的学生信息
SELECT * FROM student where age = (
SELECT age FROM student where sname = '陈樱'
)

4.2 in/not in

SQL代码

#查询课程成绩不及格的选修课课程信息(多条数据)
SELECT * FROM course WHERE cno in (
SELECT DISTINCT cno FROM sc where degree < 60
)

#查询课程成绩及格的选修课课程信息
SELECT * FROM course WHERE cno  NOT IN (
SELECT DISTINCT cno FROM sc where degree < 60
)

#in或者not in一般来说查询效率低，采用多表连接
SELECT c.* FROM sc JOIN course c ON sc.cno = c.cno
WHERE sc.degree < 60

4.3 all

SQL代码

#ALL表示必须满足子查询结果的所有记录
#查询sc表里成绩最高的记录
SELECT * FROM sc WHERE degree >= ALL(SELECT degree FROM sc)

#查询sc表里成绩最低的记录
SELECT * FROM sc WHERE degree <= ALL(SELECT degree FROM sc)

4.4 any

SQL代码

#any表示满足子查询结果的任意一条记录即可，和some一样
#查询选择’C01‘课程的成绩高于’C02‘的成绩的学生的学号
SELECT sc.sno FROM sc WHERE cno = 'C01' AND degree > ANY(
SELECT degree FROM sc where cno = 'C02'
)

4.5 exist/not exists

SQL代码

#EXISTS子查询返回结果类型bool
#EXISTS运算符的含义为"存在"，
#使用 EXISTS 关键字引入一个子查询时，就相当于进行一次存在测试。
#外部查询的 WHERE 子句测试子查询返回的行是否存在。
#子查询实际上不产生任何数据；它只返回 TRUE 或 FALSE 值

#显示已经选修了课程的学生信息
#SELECT DISTINCT s.* FROM sc LEFT JOIN student s ON sc.sno = s.sno
SELECT * FROM student s WHERE EXISTS (SELECT * FROM sc where s.sno = sc.sno)

#查询选修了C03课程的学生信息
#SELECT DISTINCT s.*,sc.cno FROM sc JOIN student s ON sc.sno = s.sno and sc.cno = 'C03'
SELECT * FROM student s WHERE EXISTS (SELECT * FROM sc WHERE s.sno = sc.sno AND sc.cno = 'C03')

sql脚本


/*
SQLyog Professional v12.09 (64 bit)
MySQL - 5.6.40-log : Database - studentsys
*********************************************************************
*/

/*!40101 SET NAMES utf8 */;

/*!40101 SET SQL_MODE=''*/;

/*!40014 SET @OLD_UNIQUE_CHECKS=@@UNIQUE_CHECKS, UNIQUE_CHECKS=0 */;
/*!40014 SET @OLD_FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS=@@FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS, FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS=0 */;
/*!40101 SET @OLD_SQL_MODE=@@SQL_MODE, SQL_MODE='NO_AUTO_VALUE_ON_ZERO' */;
/*!40111 SET @OLD_SQL_NOTES=@@SQL_NOTES, SQL_NOTES=0 */;
CREATE DATABASE /*!32312 IF NOT EXISTS*/`studentsys` /*!40100 DEFAULT CHARACTER SET utf8 */;

USE `studentsys`;

/*Table structure for table `course` */

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `course`;

CREATE TABLE `course` (
  `cno` varchar(10) NOT NULL,
  `cname` varchar(20) NOT NULL,
  `credit` int(2) DEFAULT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`cno`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;

/*Data for the table `course` */

insert  into `course`(`cno`,`cname`,`credit`) values ('C01','网页基础',1),('C02','数据库系统',2),('C03','计算机基础',3);

/*Table structure for table `dept` */

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `dept`;

CREATE TABLE `dept` (
  `did` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `dname` varchar(20) NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`did`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=4 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;

/*Data for the table `dept` */

insert  into `dept`(`did`,`dname`) values (1,'计算机系'),(2,'土木工程系'),(3,'英语系');

/*Table structure for table `sc` */

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `sc`;

CREATE TABLE `sc` (
  `sno` varchar(10) DEFAULT NULL,
  `cno` varchar(10) DEFAULT NULL,
  `degree` int(3) DEFAULT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;

/*Data for the table `sc` */

insert  into `sc`(`sno`,`cno`,`degree`) values ('S01','C01',80),('S01','C02',85),('S01','C03',90),('S02','C01',63),('S02','C02',58),('S03','C01',55),('S03','C03',65),('S04','C01',58);

/*Table structure for table `student` */

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `student`;

CREATE TABLE `student` (
  `sno` varchar(10) NOT NULL,
  `sname` varchar(20) NOT NULL,
  `sex` char(4) DEFAULT NULL,
  `age` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  `brithday` datetime DEFAULT NULL,
  `address` varchar(200) DEFAULT NULL,
  `did` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`sno`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;

/*Data for the table `student` */

insert  into `student`(`sno`,`sname`,`sex`,`age`,`brithday`,`address`,`did`) values ('S01','陈宇乐','男',21,'2022-02-02 00:00:00','浙江义乌',1),('S02','陈紫樱','女',20,'2022-02-10 00:00:00','',1),('S03','杜陈宇','男',21,NULL,NULL,1),('S04','陈宇乐','男',23,NULL,NULL,2),('S05','陈樱','女',21,NULL,NULL,2),('S06','杜佳佳','男',19,NULL,NULL,NULL);

/*!40101 SET SQL_MODE=@OLD_SQL_MODE */;
/*!40014 SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS=@OLD_FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS */;
/*!40014 SET UNIQUE_CHECKS=@OLD_UNIQUE_CHECKS */;
/*!40111 SET SQL_NOTES=@OLD_SQL_NOTES */;