海龟绘图小案例（内含源码）

鸟小猫

已于 2023-09-09 21:40:37 修改

阅读量1.4w

点赞数 12

文章标签： python

于 2022-10-17 03:01:39 首次发布

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_57825040/article/details/127356134

版权

前言

在1966年，Seymour Papert和Wally Feurzig发明了一种专门给儿童学习编程的语言——LOGO语言，它的特色就是通过编程指挥一个小海龟（turtle）在屏幕上绘图。海龟绘图（Turtle Graphics）后来被移植到各种高级语言中，Python内置了turtle库，基本上100%复制了原始的Turtle Graphics的所有功能操作以及相关案例。

1.1. 画布(canvas)

画布就是turtle为我们展开用于绘图区域, 我们可以设置它的大小和初始位置

1.2 设置画布大小

turtle.screensize(canvwidth=None, canvheight=None, bg=None)
参数分别为画布的宽(单位像素), 高, 背景颜色

如:

turtle.screensize(800, 600, "green")
turtle.screensize() #返回默认大小(400, 300)

turtle.setup(width=0.5, height=0.75, startx=None, starty=None)

参数:
width, height: 输入宽和高为整数时, 表示像素; 为小数时, 表示占据电脑屏幕的比例
(startx, starty): 这一坐标表示矩形窗口左上角顶点的位置, 如果为空,则窗口位于屏幕中心

如:

turtle.setup(width=0.6, height=0.6)
turtle.setup(width=800, height=800, startx=100, starty=100)

2. 画笔

2.1 画笔的状态

在画布上,默认有一个坐标原点为画布中心的坐标轴, 坐标原点上有一只面朝x轴正方向小乌龟. 这里我们描述小乌龟时使用了两个词语:坐标原点(位置),面朝x轴正方向(方向), turtle绘图中, 就是使用位置方向描述小乌龟(画笔)的状态

2.2 画笔的使用

使用 turtle.Pen() 来创建画笔对象

import turtle
turtle.Pen()
turtle.mainloop()#画面保持

2.3 绘图命令

操纵海龟绘图有着许多的命令,这些命令可以划分为3种:一种为运动命令，一种为画笔控制命令,还有一种是全局控制命令

(1)画笔运动命令:

3. 命令详解

3.1 turtle.circle(radius, extent=None, steps=None)
描述: 以给定半径画圆
参数:
radius(半径); 半径为正(负),表示圆心在画笔的左边(右边)画圆
extent(弧度) (optional);
steps (optional) (做半径为radius的圆的内切正多边形,多边形边数为steps)

举例:
circle(50) # 整圆;
circle(50,steps=3) # 三角形;
circle(120, 180) # 半圆

4. 绘图举例

4.1 党旗

import turtle

turtle.fillcolor("red")
turtle.pencolor("red")
turtle.up()
turtle.goto(-300, 300)
turtle.down()
turtle.begin_fill()
for i in range(2):
    turtle.forward(600)
    turtle.right(90)
    turtle.forward(400)
    turtle.right(90)
turtle.end_fill()

turtle.fillcolor("yellow")
turtle.pencolor("yellow")

turtle.up()
turtle.goto(10, 220)
turtle.seth(225)
turtle.down()
turtle.begin_fill()
turtle.fd(125)
turtle.right(90)
turtle.fd(50)
turtle.right(90)
turtle.fd(100)
turtle.right(90)
turtle.circle(25, 90)
turtle.end_fill()
turtle.up()
turtle.goto(-40, 190)
turtle.seth(-45)
turtle.down()
turtle.begin_fill()
for i in range(2):
    turtle.forward(200)
    turtle.right(90)
    turtle.forward(30)
    turtle.right(90)
turtle.end_fill()

turtle.up()
turtle.goto(-100, 100)
turtle.seth(-50)
turtle.down()
turtle.begin_fill()
turtle.circle(100, 180)
turtle.fd(20)
turtle.right(157)
turtle.circle(-115, 190)
turtle.left(90)
turtle.fd(20)
turtle.right(90)
turtle.fd(20)
turtle.right(90)
turtle.fd(20)
turtle.left(80)
turtle.fd(30)
turtle.end_fill()
turtle.up()
turtle.goto(-90, 50)
turtle.down()
turtle.begin_fill()
turtle.circle(20)
turtle.end_fill()
turtle.hideturtle()  # 隐藏小海龟
# 维持面板
turtle.done()

4.2 草莓熊

import turtle as t
# 设置背景颜色，窗口位置以及大小

t.colormode(255)  # 颜色模式
t.speed(0)
t.screensize(850, 760, "white")  # 画布大小背景颜色
t.setup(width=850, height=760, startx=None, starty=None)  # 绘图窗口的大小和起始坐标
# t.bgpic("di_800.gif")
t.title("逆境清醒草莓熊！")  # 设置绘图窗口的标题
t.resizemode('noresize')  # 大小调整模式:auto,user,noresize
t.tracer(1)

scolor = ["#E6005C", "#00BFFF", "#538a30", "#F28500"]  # 深色列表
qcolor = ["#FF007F", "#87CEFA", "#7fbc2b", "#FFA500"]  # 浅色列表
blsize = 80  # blsize值，blsize，是大等腰直角三角形的斜边风车等比例缩放
bs = 2 ** 0.5 / 2 * blsize  # bs是直角边，2**0.5 表示数学中的“根号2”
# zjsjxxb是小等腰直角三角形的斜边，zjb是直角边
zjb = blsize / 2  # zjb是小等腰直角三角形的直角边
zjsjxxb = 2 ** 0.5 * zjb  # zjsjxxb是小等腰直角三角形的斜边
length = 1.7 * blsize  # 风车杆长
width = 2 / 15 * blsize  # 风车杆宽


def fongche():  # 风车
    t.penup()
    t.goto(-205, -42)
    t.begin_fill()
    t.pensize(4)
    t.pencolor("#321320")
    t.fillcolor("#D2B48C")
    t.circle(15)
    t.end_fill()
    t.penup()
    t.goto(-220, 80)
    t.pendown()
    t.setheading(-90)
    t.pensize(width)
    t.pencolor("#5f4a1d")
    t.forward(length)
    t.pensize(2)
    t.backward(length)
    t.setheading(90)

    for i in range(4):
        # 小等腰直角三角形
        t.color(scolor[i])  # 遍历深色列表scolor
        t.begin_fill()
        t.forward(zjb)
        t.left(90)
        t.forward(zjb)
        t.left(135)
        t.forward(zjsjxxb)
        t.end_fill()
        # t.pencolor(scolor[i])
        # t.pensize(4)

        # 大等腰直角三角形
        t.color(qcolor[i])  # 遍历浅色列表qcolor
        t.begin_fill()
        t.backward(zjsjxxb)
        t.right(90)
        t.forward(bs)
        t.left(135)
        t.forward(blsize)
        t.end_fill()
        # t.pencolor(scolor[i])
        # t.pensize(4)

        # 旋转180度后，画下一片风车叶片
        t.right(180)
        t.penup()


mling_circle_list = iter([  # 每段弧线（半径，弧角度数）
    (18, 360), (14, 360), (10, 360), (6, 360),
    (18, 360), (14, 360), (10, 360), (6, 360),
])


def mling_draw_eyeball(zb1, zb2, zb3, zb4):
    for zb, color_ in zip([zb1, zb2, zb3, zb4], ['#ffffff', '#482d08', '#000000', '#ffffff']):
        t.penup()
        t.goto(*zb)
        t.pendown()
        t.begin_fill()
        t.setheading(0)
        t.color(color_)
        t.pencolor('#000000')
        t.pensize(2)
        t.circle(*next(mling_circle_list))
        t.end_fill()


t.penup()
p = t.home()
t.pencolor("#321320")
t.fillcolor("#cb3263")
t.pensize(4)
t.goto(120, 110)
t.pendown()
t.begin_fill()
t.goto(200, 0)
t.left(-40)
t.circle(-110, 105)
t.left(75)
t.goto(170, -110)
t.left(-80)
t.circle(30, 40)
t.left(60)
t.circle(-80, 70)
t.left(83)
t.circle(-35, 95)
t.goto(60, -270)
t.left(-80)
t.circle(-65, 70)
t.left(63)
t.circle(35, 30)
t.left(130)
t.circle(-65, 70)
t.goto(-120, -270)
t.left(-110)
t.circle(-35, 80)
t.left(83)
t.circle(-80, 50)
t.left(60)
t.circle(-80, 60)
t.left(60)
t.circle(30, 30)
t.left(20)
t.circle(80, 80)
t.left(-105)
t.circle(-70, 150)
t.left(50)
t.circle(-170, 50)
t.goto(120, 110)
# Author:Adversity Awake
t.end_fill()
t.penup()
p = t.home()
t.pencolor("#321320")
t.fillcolor("#ffffff")
t.pensize(4)
t.goto(90, 60)
t.pendown()
t.begin_fill()
t.right(30)
t.circle(-130, 360)
t.end_fill()
t.penup()
p = t.home()
t.pencolor("#321320")
t.fillcolor("#f3d2ad")
t.pensize(4)
t.goto(-250, -55)
t.seth(0)
t.pendown()
t.begin_fill()
t.right(-55)
t.circle(-45, 270)
t.goto(-220, -75)
t.goto(-250, -55)
t.end_fill()

fongche()

t.penup()
p = t.home()
t.pencolor("#321320")
t.fillcolor("#f3d2ad")
t.pensize(4)
t.goto(185, -90)
t.pendown()
t.begin_fill()
t.right(140)
t.circle(43, 95)
t.goto(185, -90)
t.end_fill()
t.penup()
t.seth(0)
t.pencolor('#321320')
t.fillcolor('#cb3263')
t.pensize(4)
t.begin_fill()
t.goto(21, 0)
t.pendown()
t.circle(123, 134)
t.left(-90)
t.circle(40, 185)
t.left(-60)
t.circle(120, 60)
t.left(-90)
t.circle(50, 200)
t.left(-90)
t.circle(100, 100)
t.left(-12)
t.circle(100, 40)
t.goto(21, 0)
t.penup()
# Author:Adversity Awake
t.end_fill()
t.penup()
t.goto(0, 0)
t.seth(0)
t.pencolor('#321320')
t.fillcolor('#ffffff')
t.pensize(4)
t.begin_fill()
t.goto(-70, 210)
t.left(140)
t.pendown()
t.circle(30, 200)
t.goto(-70, 210)
t.penup()
t.end_fill()
t.penup()
t.goto(0, 0)
t.seth(0)
t.pencolor('#321320')
t.fillcolor('#ffffff')
t.pensize(4)
t.begin_fill()
t.goto(90, 220)
t.left(45)
t.pendown()
t.circle(22, 200)
t.goto(90, 220)
t.penup()
t.end_fill()
t.penup()
t.goto(0, 0)
t.seth(0)
t.pencolor('#321320')
t.fillcolor('#ffffff')
t.pensize(4)
t.begin_fill()
t.left(-98)
t.left(90)
t.goto(18, 10)
t.pendown()
t.circle(100, 134)
t.left(10)
t.circle(110, 30)
t.left(10)
t.circle(160, 40)
t.circle(85, 40)
t.left(2)
t.circle(95, 40)
t.left(5)
t.circle(95, 60)
t.goto(18, 10)
t.penup()
t.end_fill()
t.penup()
p = t.home()
t.pencolor("#321320")
t.fillcolor("#8f3a52")
t.pensize(2)
t.goto(25, 240)
t.pendown()
t.begin_fill()
t.goto(60, 235)
t.left(30)
t.fd(8)
t.left(90)
t.fd(22)
t.circle(90, 8)
t.left(20)
t.circle(90, 8)
t.left(20)
t.circle(90, 20)
t.left(40)
t.circle(50, 20)
t.end_fill()
t.penup()
t.pensize(12)
t.goto(-2, 250)
t.pencolor("#4D1F00")
t.fillcolor("#4D1F00")
t.pendown()
t.goto(60, 240)
t.end_fill()
t.penup()
p = t.home()
t.pencolor("#321320")
t.fillcolor("#8f3a52")
t.pensize(2)
t.goto(-55, 193)
t.pendown()
t.begin_fill()
t.left(65)
t.circle(-90, 25)
t.goto(-10, 230)
t.left(30)
t.fd(8)
t.left(90)
t.fd(18)
t.circle(90, 8)
t.left(20)
t.circle(90, 10)
t.left(40)
t.circle(90, 30)
t.left(30)
t.circle(40, 20)
t.penup()
t.end_fill()
t.pensize(12)
t.goto(-63, 195)
t.pencolor("#4D1F00")
t.fillcolor("#4D1F00")
t.pendown()
t.left(100)
t.circle(-85, 45)
t.end_fill()

mling_draw_eyeball((-20, 180), (-23, 185), (-25, 188), (-30, 200))
mling_draw_eyeball((30, 193), (27, 200), (25, 203), (20, 213))

t.penup()
p = t.home()
t.pencolor("#321320")
t.fillcolor("#8f3a52")
t.pensize(3)
t.goto(25, 105)
p = t.pos()
t.pendown()
t.begin_fill()
t.circle(85, 65)
t.left(16)
t.circle(30, 55)
t.left(20)
t.circle(145, 58)
t.left(8)
t.circle(20, 55)
t.left(8)
t.circle(50, 65)
t.left(-5)
t.circle(310, 8)
t.end_fill()
t.penup()
t.goto(0, 0)
t.seth(0)
t.pencolor('#321320')
t.fillcolor('#a93e54')
t.pensize(3)
t.begin_fill()
t.left(-20)
t.goto(9, 66)
t.pendown()
t.circle(68, 40)
t.left(10)
t.circle(65, 40)
t.left(160)
t.circle(-75, 85)
t.left(158)
t.circle(48, 37)
t.goto(9, 66)
t.penup()
t.end_fill()
t.color('#321320')
t.penup()
t.goto(260, 60)
t.pendown()
t.write("愿\n你\n没\n有\n烦\n恼\n", align="center", font=("黑体", 20, "normal"))
t.penup()
t.goto(290, 183)
t.pendown()
t.write("逆\n境\n清\n醒\n", align="center", font=("黑体", 10, "normal"))
t.hideturtle()
t.done()

4.3哆啦A梦

import turtle
def flyTo(x, y): #开启无轨迹跳跃
    turtle.penup()
    turtle.goto(x, y)
    turtle.pendown()

def drawEye():    #画眼睛
    turtle.tracer(False)
    a = 2.5
    for i in range(120):
        if 0 <= i < 30 or 60 <= i < 90:
            a -= 0.05
        else:
            a += 0.05

        turtle.left(3)
        turtle.fd(a)
    turtle.tracer(True)


def beard():  #画胡子
    # 左边第一根胡子
    flyTo(-37, 135)
    turtle.seth(165)
    turtle.fd(60)

    # 左边第二根胡子
    flyTo(-37, 125)
    turtle.seth(180)
    turtle.fd(60)

    # 左边第三根胡子
    flyTo(-37, 115)
    turtle.seth(193)
    turtle.fd(60)

    # 右边第一根胡子
    flyTo(37, 135)
    turtle.seth(15)
    turtle.fd(60)

    # 右边第二根胡子
    flyTo(37, 125)
    turtle.seth(0)
    turtle.fd(60)

    # 右边第三根胡子
    flyTo(37, 115)
    turtle.seth(-13)
    turtle.fd(60)

def drawRedScarf():
    turtle.fillcolor("red")     # 填充颜色
    turtle.begin_fill()
    turtle.seth(0)              # 调整转向向右
    turtle.fd(200)
    turtle.circle(-5, 90)
    turtle.fd(10)
    turtle.circle(-5, 90)
    turtle.fd(207)
    turtle.circle(-5, 90)
    turtle.fd(10)
    turtle.circle(-5, 90)
    turtle.end_fill()

def drawMouse():
    flyTo(5, 148)
    turtle.seth(270)
    turtle.fd(100)
    turtle.seth(0)
    turtle.circle(120, 50)
    turtle.seth(230)
    turtle.circle(-120, 100)

def drawRedNose():
    flyTo(-10, 158)
    turtle.fillcolor("red")         # 填充颜色
    turtle.begin_fill()
    turtle.circle(20)
    turtle.end_fill()

def drawBlackdrawEye():
    turtle.seth(0)
    flyTo(-20, 195)
    turtle.fillcolor("#000000")     # 填充颜色
    turtle.begin_fill()
    turtle.circle(13)
    turtle.end_fill()
    turtle.pensize(6)
    flyTo(20, 205)
    turtle.seth(75)
    turtle.circle(-10, 150)
    turtle.pensize(3)
    flyTo(-17, 200)
    turtle.seth(0)
    turtle.fillcolor("#ffffff")
    turtle.begin_fill()
    turtle.circle(5)
    turtle.end_fill()
    flyTo(0, 0)

def drawFace():
    turtle.forward(183)         # 前行183个单位
    turtle.fillcolor("white")   # 填充颜色为白色
    turtle.begin_fill()         # 开始填充
    turtle.left(45)             # 左转45度
    turtle.circle(120, 100)     # 右边那半边脸
    turtle.seth(90)             # 调整转向向上
    drawEye()                   # 画右眼睛
    turtle.seth(180)            # 调整转向向左
    turtle.penup()              # 抬笔
    turtle.fd(60)               # 前行60
    turtle.pendown()            # 落笔
    turtle.seth(90)             # 调整转向向上
    drawEye()                   # 画左眼睛
    turtle.penup()              # 抬笔
    turtle.seth(180)            # 调整转向向左
    turtle.fd(64)               # 前进64
    turtle.pendown()            # 落笔
    turtle.seth(215)            # 修改朝向
    turtle.circle(120, 100)     # 左边那半边脸
    turtle.end_fill() #

def drawHead():
    turtle.penup()              # 抬笔
    turtle.circle(150, 40)      # 画圆, 半径150，圆周角40
    turtle.pendown() # 落笔
    turtle.fillcolor("#00a0de") # 填充色
    turtle.begin_fill()         # 开始填充
    turtle.circle(150, 280)     # 画圆，半径150, 圆周角280
    turtle.end_fill()

def drawAll():
    drawHead()
    drawRedScarf()
    drawFace()
    drawRedNose()
    drawMouse()
    beard()
    flyTo(0, 0)
    turtle.seth(0)
    turtle.penup()
    turtle.circle(150, 50)
    turtle.pendown()
    turtle.seth(30)
    turtle.fd(40)
    turtle.seth(70)
    turtle.circle(-30, 270)
    turtle.fillcolor("#00a0de")
    turtle.begin_fill()
    turtle.seth(230)
    turtle.fd(80)
    turtle.seth(90)
    turtle.circle(1000, 1)
    turtle.seth(-89)
    turtle.circle(-1000, 10)
    turtle.seth(180)
    turtle.fd(70)
    turtle.seth(90)
    turtle.circle(30, 180)
    turtle.seth(180)
    turtle.fd(70)
    turtle.seth(100)
    turtle.circle(-1000, 9)
    turtle.seth(-86)
    turtle.circle(1000, 2)
    turtle.seth(230)
    turtle.fd(40)
    turtle.circle(-30, 230)
    turtle.seth(45)
    turtle.fd(81)
    turtle.seth(0)
    turtle.fd(203)
    turtle.circle(5, 90)
    turtle.fd(10)
    turtle.circle(5, 90)
    turtle.fd(7)
    turtle.seth(40)
    turtle.circle(150, 10)
    turtle.seth(30)
    turtle.fd(40)
    turtle.end_fill()

    # 左手
    turtle.seth(70)
    turtle.fillcolor("#FFFFFF")
    turtle.begin_fill()
    turtle.circle(-30)
    turtle.end_fill()

    # 脚
    flyTo(103.74, -182.59)
    turtle.seth(0)
    turtle.fillcolor("#FFFFFF")
    turtle.begin_fill()
    turtle.fd(15)
    turtle.circle(-15, 180)
    turtle.fd(90)
    turtle.circle(-15, 180)
    turtle.fd(10)
    turtle.end_fill()
    flyTo(-96.26, -182.59)
    turtle.seth(180)
    turtle.fillcolor("#FFFFFF")
    turtle.begin_fill()
    turtle.fd(15)
    turtle.circle(15, 180)
    turtle.fd(90)
    turtle.circle(15, 180)
    turtle.fd(10)
    turtle.end_fill()

    # 右手
    flyTo(-133.97, -91.81)
    turtle.seth(50)
    turtle.fillcolor("#FFFFFF")
    turtle.begin_fill()
    turtle.circle(30)
    turtle.end_fill()

    # 口袋
    flyTo(-103.42, 15.09)
    turtle.seth(0)
    turtle.fd(38)
    turtle.seth(230)
    turtle.begin_fill()
    turtle.circle(90, 260)
    turtle.end_fill()
    flyTo(5, -40)
    turtle.seth(0)
    turtle.fd(70)
    turtle.seth(-90)
    turtle.circle(-70, 180)
    turtle.seth(0)
    turtle.fd(70)

    # 铃铛
    flyTo(-103.42, 15.09)
    turtle.fd(90)
    turtle.seth(70)
    turtle.fillcolor("#ffd200")
    turtle.begin_fill()
    turtle.circle(-20)
    turtle.end_fill()
    turtle.seth(170)
    turtle.fillcolor("#ffd200")
    turtle.begin_fill()
    turtle.circle(-2, 180)
    turtle.seth(10)
    turtle.circle(-100, 22)
    turtle.circle(-2, 180)
    turtle.seth(180 - 10)
    turtle.circle(100, 22)
    turtle.end_fill()
    flyTo(-13.42, 15.09)
    turtle.seth(250)
    turtle.circle(20, 110)
    turtle.seth(90)
    turtle.fd(15)
    turtle.dot(10)
    flyTo(0, -150)
    drawBlackdrawEye()

def main():

    turtle.screensize(800, 6000, "#F0F0F0")
    turtle.pensize(3)
    turtle.speed(9)
    drawAll()
    turtle.penup()              #抬笔
    turtle.goto(100, -300)
    #turtle.color("violet")     #粉红色有点那个
    turtle.write('by peak', font=("Bradley Hand ITC", 30, "bold"))

if __name__ == "__main__":

    main()

turtle.mainloop()

4.4魔鬼螺旋

import turtle as t
from turtle import *


angle = 60 #通过改变角度，绘制出各种多边形
t.setup(1280,720)
t.bgcolor('black')
t.pensize(2)
randomColor = ['red','blue','green','purple','gold','pink']
t.speed(0)
for i in range(600):
      t.color(randomColor[i%6])
      t.fd(i)
      t.rt(angle+1)
up()
color("#0fe6ca")
goto(0,0)
down()
t.done()

4.5 紫色小蛇

from turtle import *

setup(900, 350, 200, 200)
up()
fd(-350)
down()
pensize(25)
color("purple")

# 控制画笔起始方向
seth(-40)
# 绘制蛇身
for i in range(4):
    circle(60, 80)
    circle(-60, 80)
circle(60, 80 / 2)
# 绘制蛇头
fd(60)
circle(32, 180)
fd(60 * 2 / 3)

done()