将一个复杂对象的构建与其表示分离,使得同样的构建过程可以创建不同的表示
当一个类的构造函数参数个数超过4个,而且这些参数有些是可选的参数,考虑使用构造者模式。
设计一个场景 我们有一个计算机类
public class Computer {
private String cpu;//必须
private String ram;//必须
private int usbCount;//可选
private String keyboard;//可选
private String display;//可选
}
我们常用的有两种形式
public class Computer {
public Computer(String cpu, String ram) {
this(cpu, ram, 0);
}
public Computer(String cpu, String ram, int usbCount) {
this(cpu, ram, usbCount, "罗技键盘");
}
public Computer(String cpu, String ram, int usbCount, String keyboard) {
this(cpu, ram, usbCount, keyboard, "三星显示器");
}
public Computer(String cpu, String ram, int usbCount, String keyboard, String display) {
this.cpu = cpu;
this.ram = ram;
this.usbCount = usbCount;
this.keyboard = keyboard;
this.display = display;
}
}
设置无数个构造方法,在外部调用这个类之前,要先了解有多少种构造方法,对应的参数分别是是什么,体验极差。
public class Computer {
...
public String getCpu() {
return cpu;
}
public void setCpu(String cpu) {
this.cpu = cpu;
}
public String getRam() {
return ram;
}
public void setRam(String ram) {
this.ram = ram;
}
public int getUsbCount() {
return usbCount;
}
...
}
对成员变量设置get和set方法
属性的设置是分开的,代码复杂的情况下可能会出现设置属性遗漏或出错的情况。
想要解决这个问题,就要用到我们的建造者模式:
- 我们在Computer类的内部创建一个静态内部类Builder,然后设置和Computer类一样的成员变量。
- 创建私有构造函数,入参为Builder。
- 在Builder中设置一个public的构造函数,参数为Computer的必填参数
- 同时在Builder类中设置方法,对Computer类中的可选参数进行赋值,返回值均为Builder
- 在Builder中创建一个
build()
方法,在其中构建Computer的实例并返回
最终代码如下
public class Computer {
private final String cpu;//必须
private final String ram;//必须
private final int usbCount;//可选
private final String keyboard;//可选
private final String display;//可选
private Computer(Builder builder){
this.cpu=builder.cpu;
this.ram=builder.ram;
this.usbCount=builder.usbCount;
this.keyboard=builder.keyboard;
this.display=builder.display;
}
public static class Builder{
private String cpu;//必须
private String ram;//必须
private int usbCount;//可选
private String keyboard;//可选
private String display;//可选
public Builder(String cup,String ram){
this.cpu=cup;
this.ram=ram;
}
public Builder setUsbCount(int usbCount) {
this.usbCount = usbCount;
return this;
}
public Builder setKeyboard(String keyboard) {
this.keyboard = keyboard;
return this;
}
public Builder setDisplay(String display) {
this.display = display;
return this;
}
public Computer build(){
return new Computer(this);
}
}
//省略getter方法
}
使用方式如下
Computer computer=new Computer.Builder("因特尔","三星")
.setDisplay("三星24寸")
.setKeyboard("罗技")
.setUsbCount(2)
.build();