BP 神经网络-从推导到实现的学习笔记

1、BP 神经网络结构与原理

由于 BP 神经网络参数超级多，如果不先定义好变量，后面非常难理解，故针对上述图 形，定义如下：

 

 

2、BP 神经网络公式推导

 

 部分代码：

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

"""
    Testing code for different neural network configurations.
    Adapted for Python 3.5.2

    Usage in shell:
        python3.5 test.py

    Network (network.py and network2.py) parameters:
        2nd param is epochs count
        3rd param is batch size
        4th param is learning rate (eta)

    Author:
        Michał Dobrzański, 2016
        dobrzanski.michal.daniel@gmail.com
"""

# -----------------------------------------第一部分------------------------------------
# ----------------------------------一个基本的神经网络------------------------------------

import mnist_loader
import network

training_data, validation_data, test_data = mnist_loader.load_data_wrapper()
training_data = list(training_data)


net = network.Network([784, 30, 10])
net.SGD(training_data, 30, 10, 3.0, test_data=test_data)


# -----------------------------------------第二部分------------------------------------
# --------------------------------一个简单改进的神经网络------------------------------------
# - network2.py example: L2范数罚 交叉熵代价函数 早停止策略 初始化策略更改 代价函数监控


import mnist_loader
import network2

training_data, validation_data, test_data = mnist_loader.load_data_wrapper()
training_data = list(training_data)

net = network2.Network([784, 30, 10], cost=network2.CrossEntropyCost)
# net.large_weight_initializer()
net.SGD(training_data, 30, 10, 0.1, lmbda=5.0, evaluation_data=validation_data,
        monitor_evaluation_accuracy=True)



# -----------------------------------------第三部分------------------------------------
# chapter 3 - Overfitting example - too many epochs of learning applied on small (1k samples) amount od data.
# Overfitting is treating noise as a signal.
'''
net = network2.Network([784, 30, 10], cost=network2.CrossEntropyCost)
net.large_weight_initializer()
net.SGD(training_data[:1000], 400, 10, 0.5, evaluation_data=test_data,
    monitor_evaluation_accuracy=True,
    monitor_training_cost=True)
'''

# chapter 3 - Regularization (weight decay) example 1 (only 1000 of training data and 30 hidden neurons)
'''
net = network2.Network([784, 30, 10], cost=network2.CrossEntropyCost)
net.large_weight_initializer()
net.SGD(training_data[:1000], 400, 10, 0.5,
    evaluation_data=test_data,
    lmbda = 0.1, # this is a regularization parameter
    monitor_evaluation_cost=True,
    monitor_evaluation_accuracy=True,
    monitor_training_cost=True,
    monitor_training_accuracy=True)
'''

# chapter 3 - Early stopping implemented
'''
net = network2.Network([784, 30, 10], cost=network2.CrossEntropyCost)
net.SGD(training_data[:1000], 30, 10, 0.5,
    lmbda=5.0,
    evaluation_data=validation_data,
    monitor_evaluation_accuracy=True,
    monitor_training_cost=True,
    early_stopping_n=10)
'''

# chapter 4 - The vanishing gradient problem - deep networks are hard to train with simple SGD algorithm
# this network learns much slower than a shallow one.
'''
net = network2.Network([784, 30, 30, 30, 30, 10], cost=network2.CrossEntropyCost)
net.SGD(training_data, 30, 10, 0.1,
    lmbda=5.0,
    evaluation_data=validation_data,
    monitor_evaluation_accuracy=True)
'''



# -----------------------------------------第四部分-CNN------------------------------------

# ----------------------
# Theano and CUDA
# ----------------------

"""
    This deep network uses Theano with GPU acceleration support.
    I am using Ubuntu 16.04 with CUDA 7.5.
    Tutorial:
    http://deeplearning.net/software/theano/install_ubuntu.html#install-ubuntu

    The following command will update only Theano:
        sudo pip install --upgrade --no-deps theano

    The following command will update Theano and Numpy/Scipy (warning bellow):
        sudo pip install --upgrade theano

"""

"""
    Below, there is a testing function to check whether your computations have been made on CPU or GPU.
    If the result is 'Used the cpu' and you want to have it in gpu,     do the following:
    1) install theano:
        sudo python3.5 -m pip install Theano
    2) download and install the latest cuda:
        https://developer.nvidia.com/cuda-downloads
        I had some issues with that, so I followed this idea (better option is to download the 1,1GB package as .run file):
        http://askubuntu.com/questions/760242/how-can-i-force-16-04-to-add-a-repository-even-if-it-isnt-considered-secure-eno
        You may also want to grab the proper NVidia driver, choose it form there:
        System Settings > Software & Updates > Additional Drivers.
    3) should work, run it with:
        THEANO_FLAGS=mode=FAST_RUN,device=gpu,floatX=float32 python3.5 test.py
        http://deeplearning.net/software/theano/tutorial/using_gpu.html
    4) Optionally, you can add cuDNN support from:
        https://developer.nvidia.com/cudnn


"""
# def testTheano():
#     from theano import function, config, shared, sandbox
#     import theano.tensor as T
#     import numpy
#     import time
#     print("Testing Theano library...")
#     vlen = 10 * 30 * 768  # 10 x #cores x # threads per core
#     iters = 1000
#
#     rng = numpy.random.RandomState(22)
#     x = shared(numpy.asarray(rng.rand(vlen), config.floatX))
#     f = function([], T.exp(x))
#     print(f.maker.fgraph.toposort())
#     t0 = time.time()
#     for i in range(iters):
#         r = f()
#     t1 = time.time()
#     print("Looping %d times took %f seconds" % (iters, t1 - t0))
#     print("Result is %s" % (r,))
#     if numpy.any([isinstance(x.op, T.Elemwise) for x in f.maker.fgraph.toposort()]):
#         print('Used the cpu')
#     else:
#         print('Used the gpu')
# Perform check:
# testTheano()


# ----------------------
# - network3.py example:
# import network3
# from network3 import Network, ConvPoolLayer, FullyConnectedLayer, SoftmaxLayer # softmax plus log-likelihood cost is more common in modern image classification networks.

# read data:
# training_data, validation_data, test_data = network3.load_data_shared()
# # mini-batch size:
# mini_batch_size = 10

# chapter 6 - shallow architecture using just a single hidden layer, containing 100 hidden neurons.
'''
net = Network([
    FullyConnectedLayer(n_in=784, n_out=100),
    SoftmaxLayer(n_in=100, n_out=10)], mini_batch_size)
net.SGD(training_data, 60, mini_batch_size, 0.1, validation_data, test_data)
'''

# chapter 6 - 5x5 local receptive fields, 20 feature maps, max-pooling layer 2x2
'''
net = Network([
    ConvPoolLayer(image_shape=(mini_batch_size, 1, 28, 28),
                  filter_shape=(20, 1, 5, 5),
                  poolsize=(2, 2)),
    FullyConnectedLayer(n_in=20*12*12, n_out=100),
    SoftmaxLayer(n_in=100, n_out=10)], mini_batch_size)
net.SGD(training_data, 60, mini_batch_size, 0.1, validation_data, test_data)
'''

# chapter 6 - inserting a second convolutional-pooling layer to the previous example => better accuracy
'''
net = Network([
    ConvPoolLayer(image_shape=(mini_batch_size, 1, 28, 28),
                  filter_shape=(20, 1, 5, 5),
                  poolsize=(2, 2)),
    ConvPoolLayer(image_shape=(mini_batch_size, 20, 12, 12),
                  filter_shape=(40, 20, 5, 5),
                  poolsize=(2, 2)),
    FullyConnectedLayer(n_in=40*4*4, n_out=100),
    SoftmaxLayer(n_in=100, n_out=10)], mini_batch_size)
net.SGD(training_data, 60, mini_batch_size, 0.1, validation_data, test_data)
'''

# chapter 6 -  rectified linear units and some l2 regularization (lmbda=0.1) => even better accuracy
# from network3 import ReLU
# net = Network([
#     ConvPoolLayer(image_shape=(mini_batch_size, 1, 28, 28),
#                   filter_shape=(20, 1, 5, 5),
#                   poolsize=(2, 2),
#                   activation_fn=ReLU),
#     ConvPoolLayer(image_shape=(mini_batch_size, 20, 12, 12),
#                   filter_shape=(40, 20, 5, 5),
#                   poolsize=(2, 2),
#                   activation_fn=ReLU),
#     FullyConnectedLayer(n_in=40*4*4, n_out=100, activation_fn=ReLU),
#     SoftmaxLayer(n_in=100, n_out=10)], mini_batch_size)
# net.SGD(training_data, 60, mini_batch_size, 0.03, validation_data, test_data, lmbda=0.1)