目录
1、概述
计算机网络
是指将地理位置不同的具有独立功能的多台计算机及其外部设备,通过通信线路连接起来,在网络操作系统,网络管理软件及网络通信协议的管理和协调下,实现资源共享和信息传递的计算机系统。
网络编程
用来实现网络互连的不同计算机上运行的程序间可以进行数据交换。
2、网络通信的两个要素
- IP和端口号
- 网络通讯协议(UDP,TCP)
规则:网络通信的协议
TCP/IP参考模型:
3、IP
ip地址:InetAddress
- 唯一定位一台网络计算机
- 127.0.0.1:本机localhost
- IP地址的分类
ip地址分类(ipv/ipv6)
- ipv4:127.0.0.1,四个字节组成,长度为0-255
- ipv6:如(2020:0bb2:aaaa:0256:0000:0000:da59:3684),128位,无符号整数!
公网(互联网)/私网(局域网)分类
- ABDC类地址
- 192.168.xx.xx:专门给组织机构使用的
域名:记忆IP问题!
//测试IP
public class TestInetAddress {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
//查询本机地址
InetAddress InetAddress1 = InetAddress.getByName("127.0.0.1");
System.out.println( InetAddress1);
InetAddress InetAddress3 = InetAddress.getByName("localhost");
System.out.println( InetAddress3);
InetAddress InetAddress4 = InetAddress.getLocalHost();
System.out.println( InetAddress4);
//查询网站ip地址
InetAddress InetAddress2 = InetAddress.getByName("www.baidu.com");
System.out.println( InetAddress2);
//常用方法
System.out.println(InetAddress2.getAddress());
System.out.println(InetAddress2.getCanonicalHostName());//规范的名字
System.out.println(InetAddress2.getHostAddress());//ip
System.out.println(InetAddress2.getHostName());//域名,或者本机电脑的名字
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
4、端口Port
端口表示计算机上的一个程序的进程
- 不同的进程有不同的端口号!用来区分软件
- 被规定0-65535
- TCP,UDP:单个协议下,端口号不能冲突
端口分类
(1)公用端口 0-1023
- HTTP:80
- HTTPS:443
- FTP:21
- Telent:23
(2)程序注册端口:1024-49151,分配给用户或者程序
- Tomca:8080
- MySQL:3306
- Oracle:1521
(3)动态、私有端口:49152-65535
netstat -ano:查看所有端口
netstat -ano | findstr “本机端口号”:查看指定的端口
tastlist | findstr “指定查询的端口号”:查看指定端口的进程
public class TestInetSocketAddress {
public static void main(String[] args) {
InetSocketAddress socketAddress = new InetSocketAddress("127.0.0.1", 8080);
InetSocketAddress socketAddress2 = new InetSocketAddress("localhost", 8080);
System.out.println(socketAddress);
System.out.println(socketAddress2);
System.out.println(socketAddress.getAddress());
System.out.println(socketAddress.getHostName());//地址
System.out.println(socketAddress.getPort());//端口
}
}
5、通信协议
网络通信协议:涉及到速率,传输码率,代码结构,传输控制…
TCP/IP协议簇(实际上是一组协议)
- TCP协议:用户传输协议
- UDP协议:用户数据报协议
TCP/UDP对比:
TCP:打电话
- 连接、稳定
- “三次握手”、”四次分手“
最少需要三次,保证连接稳定
A:你愁啥?
B:瞅你咋地!
A:干一场!
A:我要走了
B:你真的要走了吗?
B:你真的真的要走了吗?
A:我真的要走了
- 客户端、服务端
- 传输完成后,释放连接,效率低
UDP:发短信
- 不连接、不稳定
- 客户端、服务端(没有明确的界限)
- 随时随地都可以发送
- DDOS:供水攻击!(饱和攻击)
6、TCP
6.1、TCP实现聊天
客户端
- 连接服务器 Socket
- 发送消息
服务器
- 建立服务端口 ServerSockte
- 等待用户的连接 accpt
- 接收用户的消息
//客户端
public class TcpClientDemo01 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Socket socket =null;
OutputStream os=null;
try {
//1.要知道服务器的地址、端口号
InetAddress serviceIP= InetAddress.getByName("127.0.0.1");
int port=9999;
//2.创建一个socket连接
socket = new Socket(serviceIP, port);
//3.发送消息 I/O流
os = socket.getOutputStream();
os.write("你好,欢迎学习Java".getBytes());
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}finally {
if(socket!=null){
try {
socket.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
if(os!=null)
{
try {
os.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}
}
//服务端
public class TcpServerDemo01 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
ServerSocket serverSocket=null;
Socket socket =null;
InputStream is =null;
ByteArrayOutputStream baos =null;
try {
//1.需要有一个地址
serverSocket = new ServerSocket(9999);
while(true){
//2.等待客户端连接过来
socket = serverSocket.accept();
//3.读取客户端的消息
is = socket.getInputStream();
//管道流
baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
int len;
while((len=is.read(buffer))!=-1){
baos.write(buffer,0,len);
}
System.out.println(baos.toString());
}
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}finally {
//关闭资源
if(baos!=null){
try {
baos.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
if( is!=null){
try {
is.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
if(socket!=null){
try {
socket.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
if( serverSocket!=null){
try {
serverSocket.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}
}
6.2、TCP文件上传实现
//客户端
public class TcpClientDemo02 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
//1.创建一个Socket连接
Socket socket=new Socket(InetAddress.getByName("127.0.0.1"),9000);
//2.创建一个输出流
OutputStream os=socket.getOutputStream();
//3.读取文件
FileInputStream fis=new FileInputStream(new File("tx.jpg"));
//4.写入文件
byte[] buffer=new byte[1024];
int len;
while ((len=fis.read(buffer))!=-1){
os.write(buffer,0,len);
}
//通知服务器,我已经结束了
socket.shutdownOutput(); //我已经传输完了!
//确定服务端接收完毕,才能够断开连接
InputStream inputStream=socket.getInputStream();
//String byte[]
ByteArrayOutputStream baos=new ByteArrayOutputStream();
byte[] buffer2=new byte[2014];
int len2;
while ((len2=inputStream.read(buffer2))!=-1){
baos.write(buffer2,0,len2);
}
System.out.println(baos.toString());
//5.关闭资源
baos.close();
inputStream.close();
fis.close();
os.close();
socket.close();
}
}
//服务端
public class TcpServerDemo02 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
//1.创建服务
ServerSocket serverSocket=new ServerSocket(9000);
//2.监听客户端的连接
Socket socket=serverSocket.accept();//阻塞式监听,会一直等待客户端连接
//3.获取输入流
InputStream is=socket.getInputStream();
//4.文件输出
FileOutputStream fos=new FileOutputStream(new File("receive"));
byte[] buffer=new byte[1024];
int len;
while ((len=is.read(buffer))!=-1){
fos.write(buffer,0,len);
}
//通知客户端接收完毕了
OutputStream os = socket.getOutputStream();
os.write("我接收完毕了,你可以断开了".getBytes());
//5.关闭资源
fos.close();
is.close();
socket.close();
serverSocket.close();
}
}
7、UDP
7.1、UDP消息发送
发短信:不用连接,但是需要对方的地址
//发送端
//不要连接服务器
public class UdpClientDemo01 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
//1.建立一个Socket
DatagramSocket socket = new DatagramSocket();
//2.建个包
String msg="你好啊,服务器!";
//接收对象
InetAddress localhost = InetAddress.getByName("localhost");
int port=9090;
//以下解释:数据、数据长度起始、接收对象
DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(msg.getBytes(), 0, msg.getBytes().length, localhost, port);
//3.发送包
socket.send(packet);
//4.关闭流(资源)
socket.close();
}
}
//接收端
//这边也是需要等待客户端的连接
public class UdpServerDemo01 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
//1.开放端口
DatagramSocket socket = new DatagramSocket(9090);
//2.接收数据(即接收包)
byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(buffer, 0, buffer.length);//接收
//这里将 DatagramPacket封装 成一个对象
socket.receive(packet); //阻塞接收
System.out.println(packet.getAddress().getHostAddress());
System.out.println(new String(packet.getData(),0,packet.getLength()));
//3.关闭连接
socket.close();
}
}
7.2、UDP聊天实现
//发送端
public class UdpSenderDemo01 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
DatagramSocket socket= new DatagramSocket(8888);
//准备数据:控制台读取 System.in
BufferedReader reader= new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
while (true){
String data= reader.readLine();
byte[] datas=data.getBytes();
DatagramPacket packet=new DatagramPacket(datas,0,datas.length,new InetSocketAddress("localhost",6666));
socket.send(packet);
if (data.equals("bye")){
break;
}
}
socket.close();
}
}
//接收端
public class UdpReceiveDemo01 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
DatagramSocket socket = new DatagramSocket(6666);
while (true){
//准备接收包裹
byte[] container = new byte[1024];
DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(container,0,container.length);
socket.receive(packet);//阻塞式接收包裹
//断开连接
byte[] data=packet.getData();
String receiveData = new String(data, 0, data.length);
System.out.println(receiveData);
if(receiveData.equals("bye")) {
break;
}
}
socket.close();
}
}
7.3、UDP多线程在线咨询
两个人都可以是发送方,也都可以是接收方!
//发送端
public class TalkSend implements Runnable{
DatagramSocket socket=null;
BufferedReader reader=null;
private int fromPort;
private String toIP;
private int toPort;
//创建构造器
public TalkSend(int fromPort, String toIP, int toPort) {
this.fromPort = fromPort;
this.toIP = toIP;
this.toPort = toPort;
try {
socket = new DatagramSocket(fromPort);
reader= new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in)); //准备数据:控制台读取 System.in
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
public void run() {
//run负责发送消息
while (true){
try{
String data= reader.readLine();
byte[] datas=data.getBytes();
DatagramPacket packet=new DatagramPacket(datas,0,datas.length,new InetSocketAddress(this.toIP,this.toPort));
socket.send(packet);
if (data.equals("bye")){
break;
}
}catch (Exception e){
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
socket.close();
}
}
//接收端
public class TalkReceive implements Runnable{
DatagramSocket socket=null;
private int port;
private String msgFrom;
public TalkReceive(int port, String msgFrom) {
this.port = port;
this.msgFrom=msgFrom;
try {
socket= new DatagramSocket(port);
} catch (SocketException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
public void run() {
while (true) {
try {
//准备接收包裹
byte[] container = new byte[1024];
DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(container, 0, container.length);
socket.receive(packet);//阻塞式接收包裹
//断开连接
byte[] data = packet.getData();
String receiveData = new String(data, 0, data.length);
System.out.println(msgFrom + ":" + receiveData);
if (receiveData.equals("bye")) {
break;
}
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
socket.close();
}
}
//学生
public class TalkStudent {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//1.开启两个线程
new Thread(new TalkSend(7777,"localhost",9999)).start();
//从自己的端口7777发出去,发送到9999端口
new Thread(new TalkReceive(8888,"老师")).start();
//接收8888端口的消息,来自老师的消息
}
}
//老师
public class TalkTeacher {
public static void main(String[] args) {
new Thread(new TalkSend(5555,"localhost",8888)).start();
//从自己的端口5555发送,发送到8888端口
new Thread(new TalkReceive(9999,"学生")).start();
//接收9999端口的消息,来自学生的消息
}
}
8、URL下载网络资源
统一资源定位符:定位资源的额,定位互联网的资源
DNS域名解析 :www.baidu.com xxx.xxx.xxx
协议://ip地址:端口号/项目名/资源
public class UrlDown {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
//1.下载地址
URL url = new URL("http://localhost:8080/docs/BUILDING.txt");
//2.连接到这个资源 用HTTP连接
HttpURLConnection urlConnection = (HttpURLConnection)url.openConnection();
InputStream inputStream = urlConnection.getInputStream();
FileOutputStream fos= new FileOutputStream("BUILDING.txt");
byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
int len;
while ((len=inputStream.read(buffer))!=-1){
fos.write(buffer,0,len); //写出这个数据
}
fos.close();
inputStream.close();
urlConnection.disconnect();//断开连接
}
}