【Git学习笔记】零基础入门学习Git

1. 学习目标

• 掌握Git企业应用开发的基本操作以及背后原理，掌握工作区、暂存区、版本库的区别
• 掌握Git的版本管理，例如版本回退、撤销、修改等操作
• 掌握Git的分支管理，例如创建分支、合并分支、删除分支
• 掌握本地仓库与远程仓库之间的区别，达到个人企业级开发水准
• 了解团队协作开发，以及常见的模型

2. Git的安装

环境：宝塔Linux环境（腾讯云服务器）
使用命令如下：

# centos安装
sudo yum install -y git
# centos移除
sudo yum remove -y git
# ubantu安装
sudo apt-get install -y git
# ubantu移除
sudo apt-get remove -y git
# 查看git是否安装成功（版本）
git --version

3. Git学习

3.1 Day01

前置工作：

1. 如何初始化本地仓库：git init，执行该命令后就会在当前目录生成一个**.git**文件，这个.git文件就是版本库
2. 如何配置用户名以及邮箱：
   1. 配置用户名称：git [--global] config user.name "xxx"
   2. 配置用户邮箱：git [--global] config user.email "xxx"

可以使用git config -l查看配置信息

# 配置name
git config user.name "ricejson"
# 配置email
git config user.email "wjjbangbangbang@163.com"
# 查看配置
git config -l
# 移除name
git config --unset user.name
# 移除email
git config --unset user.email
# 配置全局name
git config --global user.name "ricejson"
# 配置全局email
git config --global user.email "wjjbangbangbang@163.com"

3. 将工作区文件添加到暂存区中：git add ./具体文件
4. 将暂存区文件添加到master分支下：git commit -m "具体描述信息"
5. 可以使用git log --pretty=oneline命令查看历史提交信息

[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# touch readme
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# ls
readme
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# vim readme 
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git add readme
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git commit -m "add readme file"
[master (root-commit) c85412b] add readme file
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
 create mode 100644 readme
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git log 
commit c85412bc2d6e2e7b1c94b1c9f3b36c44fd6a4826 (HEAD -> master)
Author: ricejson <wjjbangbangbang@163.com>
Date:   Mon May 13 00:55:20 2024 +0800
    add readme file

.git文件内容（版本库）：

• index：标识暂存区/索引区中的内容
• head：指针，指向master分支下最新提交的记录
• objects：对象区，每一次对于工作区文件的修改都会对应到对象区中的一个.git对象

3.2 Day02

3.2.1 git status 命令

git追踪的是文件的修改而非文件本身！
我们需要清楚的了解到工作区与暂存区的文件是不一样的
输入git status命令可以查看仓库当前的状态，用来查看该文件内容是否相较于之前提交的版本有所修改

[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# ls
readme
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git status
On branch master
Changes not staged for commit:
  (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
  (use "git restore <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
	modified:   readme

no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")

我们可以看出readme文件已经被修改了，但是还没有进行添加和提交
当我们使用git add readme可以进行添加

[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git add readme 
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git status
On branch master
Changes to be committed:
  (use "git restore --staged <file>..." to unstage)
	modified:   readme

当我们对readme文件添加到暂存区后，git status会显示待commited

[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git commit -m "add readme"
[master 689991b] add readme
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git status
On branch master
nothing to commit, working tree clean

当我们进行commit之后会显示当前tree 是clean的

3.2.2 git diff 命令

git status命令可以让我们知道哪些文件被修改了，但是我们无法看到具体修改的内容，但是git diff命令就可以查看文件的差异：

[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git add readme 
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# vim readme 
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git diff readme
diff --git a/readme b/readme
index 8c7ca04..045403d 100644
--- a/readme
+++ b/readme
@@ -2,3 +2,5 @@ hello git
 hello world!
 
 ricejson
+
+one line
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git diff HEAD -- readme
diff --git a/readme b/readme
index 15ca5b9..045403d 100644
--- a/readme
+++ b/readme
@@ -1,2 +1,6 @@
 hello git
-hello world!t
+hello world!
+
+ricejson
+
+one line

• git diff filename：查看工作区与暂存区中文件的差异
• git diff HEAD -- filename：查看工作区和版本库中文件的差异

3.2.3 git reset 版本回退命令

命令：git reset [--soft | --mixed | --hard] [HEAD]

• –mixed为默认参数：表示将版本库以及暂存区内容回退到指定版本，工作区内容不变
• –soft：表示将版本库内容回退到指定版本，工作区以及暂存区内容不变
• –hard：表示将版本库、工作区、暂存区都回退到指定版本
• HEAD：表示回退到当前版本，HEAD^、HEAD~1表示上一个版本，以此类推

现在我们想回退到v2版本，因此需要使用–hard参数

[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git log --pretty=oneline
f4b771d0709db09cc5b5eb4e62335a755154209e (HEAD -> master) update readme v3
3662918784e02c58608b814ecba90e53292e581d update readme v2
689991ba08bd08804de26123c388b9b0d666e4f0 add readme
c85412bc2d6e2e7b1c94b1c9f3b36c44fd6a4826 add readme file
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git reset --hard 3662918784e02c58608b814ecba90e53292e581d
HEAD is now at 3662918 update readme v2
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# vim readme 
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git log --pretty=oneline
3662918784e02c58608b814ecba90e53292e581d (HEAD -> master) update readme v2
689991ba08bd08804de26123c388b9b0d666e4f0 add readme
c85412bc2d6e2e7b1c94b1c9f3b36c44fd6a4826 add readme file

但是现在我又后悔了，想回到v3版本应该怎么办？此时git log无法查看v3的提交id，还好Git还提供了一个命令git reflog进行补救：

[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git reflog
3662918 (HEAD -> master) HEAD@{0}: reset: moving to 3662918784e02c58608b814ecba90e53292e581d
f4b771d HEAD@{1}: commit: update readme v3
3662918 (HEAD -> master) HEAD@{2}: commit: update readme v2
689991b HEAD@{3}: commit: add readme
c85412b HEAD@{4}: commit (initial): add readme file
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git reset --hard f4b771d
HEAD is now at f4b771d update readme v3
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git log --pretty=oneline
f4b771d0709db09cc5b5eb4e62335a755154209e (HEAD -> master) update readme v3
3662918784e02c58608b814ecba90e53292e581d update readme v2
689991ba08bd08804de26123c388b9b0d666e4f0 add readme
c85412bc2d6e2e7b1c94b1c9f3b36c44fd6a4826 add readme file

3.2.4 撤销修改命令

Case1：对于工作区中的代码还没有进行add操作
命令：git checkout -- [file]，可以将工作区的代码回到最近一次add或者commit的状态

[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# vim readme 
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git status
On branch master
Changes not staged for commit:
  (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
  (use "git restore <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
	modified:   readme

no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git checkout -- readme
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git status
On branch master
nothing to commit, working tree clean

Case2：对于工作区中的代码已经进行add操作，但是还没有commit
方式一：使用回退命令：git reset --hard HEAD直接回退到当前版本
方式二：使用命令：git reset --mixed HEAD此时就回到了Case1的情况，然后继续执行git checkout – [file]命令
Case3：已经commit提交
使用回退命令：git reset --hard HEAD^直接回退到上一版本

3.2.5 删除命令

命令：git rm [file]

• git rm [file]相当于rm [file] + git add file1的结合体

[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git commit -m "add file1"
[master e907760] add file1
 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 file1
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git status
On branch master
nothing to commit, working tree clean
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git rm file1
rm 'file1'
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git status
On branch master
Changes to be committed:
  (use "git restore --staged <file>..." to unstage)
	deleted:    file1

[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git commit -m "remove file1"
[master 6e35bc4] remove file1
 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 file1

3.3 Day03

3.3.1 git branch 命令

查看当前所有的分支：**git branch**
之前我们观察到的.git目录下HEAD指针其实是指向master分支
而master分支则对应指向该分支下的提交记录

[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# cat .git/HEAD
ref: refs/heads/master
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# cat .git/refs/heads/master
6e35bc4cab6906b0cb074e2af434b6dca77bb71f
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git cat-file -p 6e35bc4cab6906b0cb074e2af434b6dca77bb71f
tree 6ef62311f0d21fa88145f6e5c8e70bd80cd861b8
parent e907760d8466f84b3d655b287df15bebc50f83a5
author ricejson <wjjbangbangbang@163.com> 1715595900 +0800
committer ricejson <wjjbangbangbang@163.com> 1715595900 +0800

remove file1

新建分支：**git branch dev**

[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git branch dev
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git branch
  dev
* master
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# cat .git/HEAD
ref: refs/heads/master
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# tree .git
.git
├── branches
├── COMMIT_EDITMSG
├── config
├── description
├── HEAD
├── hooks
│   ├── applypatch-msg.sample
│   ├── commit-msg.sample
│   ├── fsmonitor-watchman.sample
│   ├── post-update.sample
│   ├── pre-applypatch.sample
│   ├── pre-commit.sample
│   ├── pre-merge-commit.sample
│   ├── prepare-commit-msg.sample
│   ├── pre-push.sample
│   ├── pre-rebase.sample
│   ├── pre-receive.sample
│   ├── push-to-checkout.sample
│   ├── sendemail-validate.sample
│   └── update.sample
├── index
├── info
│   └── exclude
├── logs
│   ├── HEAD
│   └── refs
│       └── heads
│           ├── dev
│           └── master
├── objects
│   ├── 04
│   │   └── 5403d976be5fbc25a531b5c924e664b3221fc6
│   ├── 15
│   │   └── ca5b906102a278626835d25f3d740c71ec3374
│   ├── 22
│   │   └── d19a942e422df71b16f6169eb65c27894d5a97
│   ├── 36
│   │   └── 62918784e02c58608b814ecba90e53292e581d
│   ├── 68
│   │   └── 9991ba08bd08804de26123c388b9b0d666e4f0
│   ├── 6e
│   │   ├── 35bc4cab6906b0cb074e2af434b6dca77bb71f
│   │   ├── 84d6a5ed71a327ba3376cac9801558d9ea2e80
│   │   └── f62311f0d21fa88145f6e5c8e70bd80cd861b8
│   ├── 8c
│   │   └── 7ca049e4ed76db4c19a2391ef45b749f8ae8c4
│   ├── 8d
│   │   └── 0e41234f24b6da002d962a26c2495ea16a425f
│   ├── 8e
│   │   └── 3bde47132a2d53b6c01daf870702fba582aeff
│   ├── c8
│   │   └── 5412bc2d6e2e7b1c94b1c9f3b36c44fd6a4826
│   ├── cd
│   │   └── 979bb355c3c301ed85b46c2b712e7a259625e0
│   ├── de
│   │   └── 55f88aa577ebe8b1294c26e0315470bd7bb8d4
│   ├── e5
│   │   └── c092dc5d9fcb8fdcd53fe30142957a503cc681
│   ├── e6
│   │   └── 9de29bb2d1d6434b8b29ae775ad8c2e48c5391
│   ├── e9
│   │   └── 07760d8466f84b3d655b287df15bebc50f83a5
│   ├── eb
│   │   └── b76d2d63485465b349f945977bbed134ed0f04
│   ├── f4
│   │   └── b771d0709db09cc5b5eb4e62335a755154209e
│   ├── info
│   └── pack
├── ORIG_HEAD
└── refs
    ├── heads
    │   ├── dev
    │   └── master
    └── tags

29 directories, 45 files

3.3.2 git checkout 切换所在分支

切换当前分支：git checkout 分支名
创建分支同时切换所在分支：git checkout -b 分支名

3.3.3 git merge 合并分支

合并分支命令：git merge 分支名

[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git branch
  dev
* master
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git checkout dev
Switched to branch 'dev'
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git branch
* dev
  master
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# ls
readme
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# vim readme
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# cat readme 
hello git
hello world!

ricejson

one line

dev branch
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git add .
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git commit -m "add merge branch content"
[dev febf6ee] add merge branch content
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git status
On branch dev
nothing to commit, working tree clean
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git checkout master
Switched to branch 'master'
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# cat readme 
hello git
hello world!

ricejson

one line
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git merge dev
Updating 6e35bc4..febf6ee
Fast-forward
 readme | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git status
On branch master
nothing to commit, working tree clean
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git log --pretty=oneline
febf6ee072d3f48c6bc1e46a60cb2d650f3a575f (HEAD -> master, dev) add merge branch content
6e35bc4cab6906b0cb074e2af434b6dca77bb71f remove file1
e907760d8466f84b3d655b287df15bebc50f83a5 add file1
f4b771d0709db09cc5b5eb4e62335a755154209e update readme v3
3662918784e02c58608b814ecba90e53292e581d update readme v2
689991ba08bd08804de26123c388b9b0d666e4f0 add readme
c85412bc2d6e2e7b1c94b1c9f3b36c44fd6a4826 add readme file
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# cat readme 
hello git
hello world!

ricejson

one line

dev branch

3.3.4 git branch -d 删除分支

删除某个分支：git branch -d 分支名
**需要注意：**只有在不同的分支下才能删除别的分支，例如想要删除dev分支，则不能在dev分支下操作，而应该在master分支下进行

3.3.5 演示合并冲突

步骤一：新建一个dev1分支，将readme新增add dev1内容，并进行提交
步骤二：在master分支下将readme新增add master内容，并进行提交
步骤三：进行合并操作

[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git branch dev1
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git branch
  dev1
* master
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git checkout dev1
Switched to branch 'dev1'
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git branch
* dev1
  master
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# vim readme 
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# cat readme 
hello git
hello world!

ricejson

one line

dev branch

add dev1
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git add .
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git commit -m "add dev1"
[dev1 f1c4920] add dev1
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git checkout master
Switched to branch 'master'
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# cat readme 
hello git
hello world!

ricejson

one line

dev branch
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# vim readme 
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git add .
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git commit -m "add master"
[master 6eb52f9] add master
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git log --pretty=oneline
6eb52f96f549ad74d35813dc8567797019660735 (HEAD -> master) add master
febf6ee072d3f48c6bc1e46a60cb2d650f3a575f add merge branch content
6e35bc4cab6906b0cb074e2af434b6dca77bb71f remove file1
e907760d8466f84b3d655b287df15bebc50f83a5 add file1
f4b771d0709db09cc5b5eb4e62335a755154209e update readme v3
3662918784e02c58608b814ecba90e53292e581d update readme v2
689991ba08bd08804de26123c388b9b0d666e4f0 add readme
c85412bc2d6e2e7b1c94b1c9f3b36c44fd6a4826 add readme file
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git merge dev1
Auto-merging readme
CONFLICT (content): Merge conflict in readme
Automatic merge failed; fix conflicts and then commit the result.
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# cat readme 
hello git
hello world!

ricejson

one line

dev branch

<<<<<<< HEAD
add master
=======
add dev1
>>>>>>> dev1
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# vim readme 
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git add .
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git commit -m "add master"
[master 4717bf6] add master
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git merge dev1
Already up to date.

**解决方法：**当出现冲突之后，打开readme文件已经为我们展示了冲突区域，只需要选择最后修改保留的结果，删除冲突部分即可，最后记得要进行提交！！！然后再合并就OK了

3.4 Day04

分支策略：

• 线上环境运行的都是master分支下的代码，因此master要保证稳定性
• 而其余分支例如dev就是开发人员开发的分支，是没有经过测试的因此会出现bug等不稳定因素

3.4.1 bug分支

现在有这样一种情况：master分支下又新建了一个dev分支开发别的业务，但是此时突然发现master分支代码存在bug，因此需要修复
注意：不能在master分支下直接修复bug！因为线上环境一定要保证稳定
最佳实践：

• 步骤一：先在reslove_bug分支下修复正确代码，然后进行提交并合并到master分支下
• 步骤二：在dev分支下，将master分支合并到dev分支下，然后解决冲突再进行提交
• 步骤三：最后将dev分支合并到master分支下

[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git checkout -b dev
Switched to a new branch 'dev'
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git branch
* dev
  master
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# ls
readme
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# vim readme 
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git add .
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git commit -m "add coding"
[dev e6d2c36] add coding
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git checkout master
Switched to branch 'master'
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# ls
readme
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# cat readme
hello git
hello world!

ricejson

one line

dev branch

add master
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# vim readme 
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git checkout -b reslove_bug
Switched to a new branch 'reslove_bug'
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# vim readme 
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git add .
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git commit  -m "add reslove bug"
[reslove_bug 267809e] add reslove bug
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git checkout master
Switched to branch 'master'
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# cat readme 
hello git
hello world!

ricejson

one line

dev branch

add master
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git merge reslove_bug
Updating 4717bf6..267809e
Fast-forward
 readme | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# cat readme 
hello git
hello world!

ricejson

one line

dev branch

add master reslove bug
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git checkout dev
Switched to branch 'dev'
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# cat readme 
hello git
hello world!

ricejson

one line

dev branch

add master

i am coding...
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git merge master
Auto-merging readme
CONFLICT (content): Merge conflict in readme
Automatic merge failed; fix conflicts and then commit the result.
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# vim readme 
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git add .
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git commit -m "merge reslove bug to dev"
[dev 95fff14] merge reslove bug to dev
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git merge -m "merge master to dev" master
Already up to date.
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git checkout master
Switched to branch 'master'
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# cat readme 
hello git
hello world!

ricejson

one line

dev branch

add master reslove bug
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git merge dev -m "merge dev to master"
Updating 267809e..95fff14
Fast-forward (no commit created; -m option ignored)
 readme | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# cat readme 
hello git
hello world!

ricejson

one line

dev branch

add master reslove bug

i am coding...
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git log --graph --pretty=oneline
*   95fff140599ed8d3ef010f5e8ad280570f46b1a7 (HEAD -> master, dev) merge reslove bug to dev
|\  
| * 267809ed8ec8759bea2ac269ed4b1217081beba7 (reslove_bug) add reslove bug
* | e6d2c366dfae0c939715c5ae52abe70d894923bd add coding
|/  
*   4717bf64651c6f05c64a5a136a72814305365b75 add master
|\  
| * f1c4920a23ab59a6eedd692defa071e66ed623d6 add dev1
* | 6eb52f96f549ad74d35813dc8567797019660735 add master
|/  
* febf6ee072d3f48c6bc1e46a60cb2d650f3a575f add merge branch content
* 6e35bc4cab6906b0cb074e2af434b6dca77bb71f remove file1
* e907760d8466f84b3d655b287df15bebc50f83a5 add file1
* f4b771d0709db09cc5b5eb4e62335a755154209e update readme v3
* 3662918784e02c58608b814ecba90e53292e581d update readme v2
* 689991ba08bd08804de26123c388b9b0d666e4f0 add readme
* c85412bc2d6e2e7b1c94b1c9f3b36c44fd6a4826 add readme file
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# 

3.4.2 强制删除分支

前面我们已经使用过git branch -d 分支名进行删除分支，
但是这种情况下我们只能够删除已经合并过后的分支，但是如果该分支我们没有进行合并操作，那就必须使用强制删除：git branch -D 分支名

[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git branch dev1
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git checkout dev1
Switched to branch 'dev1'
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# vim readme 
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git add .
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git commit -m "add coding again"
[dev1 2428a7d] add coding again
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# cat readme 
hello git
hello world!

ricejson

one line

dev branch

add master reslove bug

i am coding...

i am coding again
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git checkout master
Switched to branch 'master'
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git branch -d dev1
error: The branch 'dev1' is not fully merged.
If you are sure you want to delete it, run 'git branch -D dev1'.
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git branch -D dev1
Deleted branch dev1 (was 2428a7d).
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git branch
* master

3.5 Day05

3.5.1 克隆远程仓库

1. 首先需要查看本地主目录下有无/root/.ssh/id_rsa以及.ssh/id_rsa.pub这两个秘钥
2. 【上述步骤没有则需要执行】ssh-keygen -t rsa -C "wjjbangbangbang@163.com"生成密钥
3. 将id_rsa.pub中的公钥内容复制到gitee平台配置中
4. 然后使用SSH协议执行git clone命令克隆仓库

[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos home]# git clone git@gitee.com:eat-rice-well/remote-gitcode.git
Cloning into 'remote-gitcode'...
The authenticity of host 'gitee.com (180.76.198.77)' can't be established.
ED25519 key fingerprint is SHA256:+ULzij2u99B9eWYFTw1Q4ErYG/aepHLbu96PAUCoV88.
This key is not known by any other names.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no/[fingerprint])? yes
Warning: Permanently added 'gitee.com' (ED25519) to the list of known hosts.
remote: Enumerating objects: 7, done.
remote: Counting objects: 100% (7/7), done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (7/7), done.
remote: Total 7 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0), pack-reused 0
Receiving objects: 100% (7/7), done.
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos home]# ls
gitcode  lighthouse  remote-gitcode  springboot  www
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos home]# cd remote-gitcode
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos remote-gitcode]# ls
README.en.md  README.md
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos remote-gitcode]# git config -l
user.name=ricejson
user.email=wjjbangbangbang@163.com
core.repositoryformatversion=0
core.filemode=true
core.bare=false
core.logallrefupdates=true
remote.origin.url=git@gitee.com:eat-rice-well/remote-gitcode.git
remote.origin.fetch=+refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/origin/*
branch.master.remote=origin
branch.master.merge=refs/heads/master
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos remote-gitcode]# git config --unset user.name
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos remote-gitcode]# git config -l
user.name=ricejson
user.email=wjjbangbangbang@163.com
core.repositoryformatversion=0
core.filemode=true
core.bare=false
core.logallrefupdates=true
remote.origin.url=git@gitee.com:eat-rice-well/remote-gitcode.git
remote.origin.fetch=+refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/origin/*
branch.master.remote=origin
branch.master.merge=refs/heads/master
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos remote-gitcode]# git config --global user.name "米饭好好吃"
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos remote-gitcode]# git config -l
user.name=米饭好好吃
user.email=wjjbangbangbang@163.com
core.repositoryformatversion=0
core.filemode=true
core.bare=false
core.logallrefupdates=true
remote.origin.url=git@gitee.com:eat-rice-well/remote-gitcode.git
remote.origin.fetch=+refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/origin/*
branch.master.remote=origin
branch.master.merge=refs/heads/master

3.5.2 推送到远程仓库

命令：git push origin(远程仓库名) master(本地分支):master(远程分支)
如果本地分支和远程分支一致，可以简写为git push origin master

[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos remote-gitcode]# ls
file.txt  README.en.md  README.md
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos remote-gitcode]# vim file.txt
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos remote-gitcode]# git add .
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos remote-gitcode]# git commit -m "add file.txt"
[master 07ad17b] add file.txt
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
 create mode 100644 file.txt
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos remote-gitcode]# git status
On branch master
Your branch is ahead of 'origin/master' by 1 commit.
  (use "git push" to publish your local commits)

nothing to commit, working tree clean
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos remote-gitcode]# git push origin master:master
Enumerating objects: 4, done.
Counting objects: 100% (4/4), done.
Delta compression using up to 2 threads
Compressing objects: 100% (2/2), done.
Writing objects: 100% (3/3), 293 bytes | 293.00 KiB/s, done.
Total 3 (delta 1), reused 0 (delta 0), pack-reused 0
remote: Powered by GITEE.COM [GNK-6.4]
To gitee.com:eat-rice-well/remote-gitcode.git
   e84d96b..07ad17b  master -> master

3.5.3 从远程仓库进行拉取

命令：git pull origin(远程仓库名) master(远程分支名):master(本地分支名)
注意：

• 如果本地分支和远程分支一致，可以简写为git pull origin master
• pull命令执行了两件事，一件是clone代码，另一件就是进行merge合并

[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos remote-gitcode]# git pull origin master:master
remote: Enumerating objects: 5, done.
remote: Counting objects: 100% (5/5), done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (2/2), done.
remote: Total 3 (delta 1), reused 0 (delta 0), pack-reused 0
Unpacking objects: 100% (3/3), 975 bytes | 975.00 KiB/s, done.
From gitee.com:eat-rice-well/remote-gitcode
   07ad17b..ae0b3ba  master     -> master
   07ad17b..ae0b3ba  master     -> origin/master
warning: fetch updated the current branch head.
fast-forwarding your working tree from
commit 07ad17b0133c2b604511760c131bc166415d1496.
Already up to date.
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos remote-gitcode]# vim file.txt 
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos remote-gitcode]# cat file.txt
hello git
hello world
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos remote-gitcode]# 

3.5.4 .gitignore忽略文件

使用方法：

1. 可以使用*.yml忽略所有的.yml格式结尾的文件
2. 可以使用文件名忽略文件
3. 可以使用!表示不忽略该文件
4. 可以使用git add -f 强制添加（可以无视忽略规则）

[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos remote-gitcode]# touch .gitignore
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos remote-gitcode]# vim .gitignore 
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos remote-gitcode]# cat .gitignore 
# 配置忽略文件

*.yml

!test.yml
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos remote-gitcode]# touch application.yml
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos remote-gitcode]# git status
On branch master
Your branch is up to date with 'origin/master'.

Changes not staged for commit:
  (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
  (use "git restore <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
	modified:   file.txt

Untracked files:
  (use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed)
	.gitignore

no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos remote-gitcode]# touch test.yml
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos remote-gitcode]# git status
On branch master
Your branch is up to date with 'origin/master'.

Changes not staged for commit:
  (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
  (use "git restore <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
	modified:   file.txt

Untracked files:
  (use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed)
	.gitignore
	test.yml

no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")

如果要查看为什么某个文件被忽略，也可以使用git check-ignore application.yml

[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos remote-gitcode]# git check-ignore -v  application.yml
.gitignore:3:*.yml	application.yml

3.5.5 给命令配置别名

命令：git config --global alias.st status
则我们的git status就相当于git st
对于一些长命令，例如：git log --pretty=onelone --abbrev-commit也可以配置成git lpa

3.3.6 标签管理

命令：

1. 查看所有标签：git tag
2. 新增标签：git tag 标签名 commit的id(默认为最新提交id)
3. 删除标签：git tag -d 标签名
4. 给标签生成描述信息：git tag -a 标签名 -m "描述信息" commit_id
5. 展示标签描述信息：git show 标签名

[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos remote-gitcode]# git tag
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos remote-gitcode]# git tag v1.0
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos remote-gitcode]# git tag
v1.0
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos remote-gitcode]# git log --pretty=oneline --abbrev-commit
13d93bf (HEAD -> master, tag: v1.0) add test .gitignore file
ae0b3ba (origin/master, origin/HEAD) update file.txt.
07ad17b add file.txt
e84d96b Initial commit
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos remote-gitcode]# git tag -a v0.9 -m "important tag" 07ad17b
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos remote-gitcode]# git tag
v0.9
v1.0
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos remote-gitcode]# git show 07ad17b
commit 07ad17b0133c2b604511760c131bc166415d1496 (tag: v0.9)
Author: 米饭好好吃 <wjjbangbangbang@163.com>
Date:   Thu May 16 14:58:10 2024 +0800

    add file.txt

diff --git a/file.txt b/file.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8d0e412
--- /dev/null
+++ b/file.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+hello git
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos remote-gitcode]# 

6. 将标签推送到远程仓库：git push 指定标签名(--tags表示全部标签)

[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos remote-gitcode]# git push --tags origin master
Enumerating objects: 8, done.
Counting objects: 100% (8/8), done.
Delta compression using up to 2 threads
Compressing objects: 100% (3/3), done.
Writing objects: 100% (6/6), 649 bytes | 649.00 KiB/s, done.
Total 6 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0), pack-reused 0
remote: Powered by GITEE.COM [GNK-6.4]
To gitee.com:eat-rice-well/remote-gitcode.git
   ae0b3ba..13d93bf  master -> master
 * [new tag]         v0.9 -> v0.9
 * [new tag]         v1.0 -> v1.0

7. 推送移除标签：git push origin :v1.0

[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos remote-gitcode]# git push origin :v1.0
remote: Powered by GITEE.COM [GNK-6.4]
To gitee.com:eat-rice-well/remote-gitcode.git
 - [deleted]         v1.0
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos remote-gitcode]# 

3.6 Day06—多人协作开发实战

查看远程分支和本地分支：git branch -a
查看远程分支：git branch -r
新建并切换分支并与远程分支建立链接：git checkout -b dev origin/dev
目标：在本地仓库中file.txt文件新增aaa以及bbb内容
环境：存在开发者1以及开发者2，要求开发者1完成aaa，开发者2完成bbb
条件：两个开发者基于同一个分支进行开发

1. step1：在gitee平台新建分支dev用于开发
2. step2：在开发者1平台下进行git pull拉取最新代码、在开发者2平台下进行git pull拉取最新代码
3. step3：在开发者1平台下使用git checkout -b dev origin/dev新建并切换分支，并与远程dev分支建立链接
4. step4：在dev分支下修改aaa代码并add、commit并push到远程dev分支下
5. step5：在开发者2平台下进行git checkout -b dev origin/dev新建并切换分支，并与远程dev分支建立链接
6. step6：在dev分支下修改bbb代码并add、commit并push到远程dev分支下，此时报错，因为出现合并冲突
7. step7：在开发者2中将远程dev分支下内容进行pull到dev下进行解决冲突，然后重新add、commit、push操作
8. step8：dev分支合并到master下
   1. 方式一：使用提交PR单，交由审核人员进行审核
   2. 方式二：在本地操作，首先进行git pull拉取最新代码，然后将master分支合并到dev下解决冲突，在提交到本地master分支，然后再由master进行push
9. step9：最后dev分支开发完毕后删除即可