记忆化搜索

记忆化搜索模板：

        f（problem p）{
            if(p has been solved){
                 return the result      
            }else{
                 divide the p into some sub-problems (p1, p2, p3...)
                 f(p1);
                 f(p2);
                 f(p3);
                 ...
          }

核心就是用一个记忆数组，从后往前先dfs搜索比较，再反过来推所求的问题，这样在求所求问题时遇到的后面的情况就直接可以给出回答，不需要再去搜索一遍；

例题：hdoj FatMouse and Cheese

FatMouse has stored some cheese in a city. The city can be considered as a square grid of dimension n: each grid location is labelled (p,q) where 0 <= p < n and 0 <= q < n. At each grid location Fatmouse has hid between 0 and 100 blocks of cheese in a hole. Now he’s going to enjoy his favorite food.

FatMouse begins by standing at location (0,0). He eats up the cheese where he stands and then runs either horizontally or vertically to another location. The problem is that there is a super Cat named Top Killer sitting near his hole, so each time he can run at most k locations to get into the hole before being caught by Top Killer. What is worse – after eating up the cheese at one location, FatMouse gets fatter. So in order to gain enough energy for his next run, he has to run to a location which have more blocks of cheese than those that were at the current hole.

Given n, k, and the number of blocks of cheese at each grid location, compute the maximum amount of cheese FatMouse can eat before being unable to move.

Input
There are several test cases. Each test case consists of

a line containing two integers between 1 and 100: n and k

n lines, each with n numbers: the first line contains the number of blocks of cheese at locations (0,0) (0,1) … (0,n-1); the next line contains the number of blocks of cheese at locations (1,0), (1,1), … (1,n-1), and so on.

The input ends with a pair of -1’s.

Output
For each test case output in a line the single integer giving the number of blocks of cheese collected.

Sample Input
3 1
1 2 5
10 11 6
12 12 7
-1 -1
Sample Output
37
 

代码：

#include<cstdio>
#include<iostream>
#include<algorithm>
#include<string>
#include<cstring>
#include<cmath>
#include<vector>
#include<stack>
#include<list>
#include<map>
#include<set>
#include<queue>
using namespace std;
#define N 20000005
#define mod 1000000007
typedef unsigned long long ull;
typedef long long ll;
int n,k,ans=0,m;
int s[100][100],dp[100][100];
int gox[4]={-1,0,1,0};
int goy[4]={0,-1,0,1};
int dfs(int x,int y){
    if(dp[x][y]>0) return dp[x][y];
    int xx,yy,t,maxn=0;
    for(int i=0;i<4;i++){
        for(int j=1;j<=k;j++){
            xx=x+gox[i]*j,yy=y+goy[i]*j;
            if(xx>=0&&xx<n&&yy>=0&&yy<n&&s[xx][yy]>s[x][y]){
                t=dfs(xx,yy);
                maxn=max(maxn,t);
            }
        }
    }
    dp[x][y]=s[x][y]+maxn;
    return dp[x][y];
}
int main()
{
    while(scanf("%d%d",&n,&k)!=EOF){
        if(n==-1&&k==-1) break;
        for(int i=0;i<n;i++){
            for(int j=0;j<n;j++){
                scanf("%d",&s[i][j]);
                dp[i][j]=0;
            }
        }
        dfs(0,0);
        printf("%d\n",dp[0][0]);
    }
    return 0;
}