java 的基本程序设计结构

格式化输出

package chapter_3;

public class print_format {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        double x=10000.0/3.0;
        System.out.printf("%8.2f",x);
        int a=1;
        System.out.printf("%d",a);
        System.out.println();
        System.out.printf("%x\n",11);
        System.out.printf("%o\n",11);
        System.out.printf("%.2e",1.59e+02);
        System.out.println();
        System.out.printf("%,.2f\n",x);
        System.out.printf("%(d",-1000);
        System.out.println("左对齐");
        System.out.printf("%-8d",100);
        System.out.println("分组分隔符");
        System.out.printf("%,d",333333333);
        System.out.println("数字前补0");
        System.out.printf("%010d",100);
    }
}

System.out.printf("%1$d %2$f",3,0.3);

这个能指定要格式化的参数索引。

System.out.printf("%d%<x",11);

将以十进制和十六进制打印同一个数值。

java文件输入和输出

package chapter_3;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
import java.nio.file.Path;
import java.util.Scanner;

public class file_in_out {
    public static void main(String[] args)throws IOException {
        Scanner in = new Scanner(Path.of("D:\\javacode\\day01\\1.txt"), StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
        PrintWriter out=new PrintWriter("D:\\javacode\\day01\\1.txt",StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
        out.print("hello world");
    }
}

块作用域

在c++中，可以在嵌套的块中重定义一个变量，在内层定义的变量会覆盖在外层定义的变量，这就有可能带来编程错误，因此java不允许这样做。

带标签的break

package chapter_3;

import java.util.Scanner;

public class label_break {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Scanner scanner=new Scanner(System.in);
        int n;
        n=scanner.nextInt();
        read_date:
        while(n>0)
        {
            if(n==5)
            {
                break read_date;
            }
            n--;
        }
        if(n==5)
        {
            System.out.println("yes");
        }else
        {
            System.out.println("no");
        }
    }
}

package chapter_3;

import java.util.Scanner;

public class label_break {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Scanner scanner=new Scanner(System.in);
        int n;
        n=scanner.nextInt();
        int j=0;
        read_date:
        while(n>0)
        {
            if(n==5) break;
            j=10;
            while(j>0) {
                if (j == 5) {
                    n=5;
                    continue read_date;
                }
                j--;
            }
            n--;
        }
        if(j==5)
        {
            System.out.println("yes");
        }else
        {
            System.out.println("no");
        }
    }
}

带标签的continue.

大数

package chapter_3;

import java.math.BigInteger;
import java.util.Scanner;

public class big_number {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Scanner scanner=new Scanner(System.in);
        System.out.print("How many numbers do you need to draw?");
        int k=scanner.nextInt();
        System.out.print("What is the highest number you can draw?");
        int n=scanner.nextInt();
        BigInteger lotteryodds=BigInteger.valueOf(1);
        for(int i=1;i<=k;++i)
        {
            lotteryodds=lotteryodds.multiply(BigInteger.valueOf(n-i+1)).divide(BigInteger.valueOf(i));
        }
        System.out.println("Yours odds are 1 in "+lotteryodds+". Good luck!");
    }
}

java数组

package chapter_3;

import java.util.Arrays;

public class array_shuzu {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int[] a = new int[100];
        int[] b = {2, 3, 4, 1, 2};
        //匿名数组
        a = new int[]{1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
        ///允许定义长度为0的数组
        int[] c = new int[0];
        int[] d = {};
        int[] e = new int[]{};
        for each 循环
        for (int i : a) {
            System.out.println(i);
        }
        System.out.println(Arrays.toString(a));
        System.out.println("数组的拷贝");
        int[] f = Arrays.copyOf(a, 2 * a.length);
        for (int i : f) {

            System.out.println(i);
        }
    }
    }

二维数组

package chapter_3;

import java.util.Arrays;

public class twodimensional_array {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        double[][]balances=new double[3][3];
        int[][]b={{1,2,3,4},{2,3,4,5},{3,4,5,6}};
        System.out.println(Arrays.deepToString(b));
        for(int[]i:b)
        {
            for(int j:i)
            {
                System.out.print(j+" ");
            }
            System.out.println();
        }
    }
}

类

• 在一个源文件中，只能有一个公共类，但是可以有任意数目的非公共类。-
• 构造器总是伴随着new操作符一起调用
• java对象都是在堆中构造的。
• 利用var定义变量，例如。

var a=1;
var b="flaksdjflsa";

var只能用于方法中的局部变量，参数和字段的类型必须声明。

接受null引用的宽容型和严格型

package chapter_4;

import java.util.Objects;

public class var_1 {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        var a=1;
        var b="flaksdjflsa";
        Student one=new Student(null);
    }
}
class Student
{
    private String name;
    Student(String n)
    {
       Objects.requireNonNull(n,"The name cannot be null");
       name=n;
    }
}

这会直接抛出一个异常。
宽容型就改成这样

name=Objects.requireNonNullElse(n,"unknown");

java中的方法必须在类的内部定义,但并不代表他们是内联方法。