本文介绍了C++中的动态内存分配，包括使用new运算符申请和释放内存，以及如何处理动态数组。文中展示了动态数组的创建、访问和释放，以及通过封装成类来更好地管理和检查边界。此外，文章还涉及了类的构造函数、析构函数、复制构造函数和深拷贝的实现，强调了内存管理的重要性。
1.动态内存分配：
动态申请内存操作符 new
new 类型名T（初始化参数列表）
功能：在程序执行期间，申请用于存放T类型对象的内存空间，并依初值列表赋以初值。
结果值：成功：T类型的指针，指向新分配的内存；失败：抛出异常。
释放内存操作符delete
delete 指针p
功能：释放指针p所指向的内存。p必须是new操作的返回值。
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Point {
public:
Point();
Point(int x, int y);
~Point();
int getX() const;
int getY() const;
void move(int newX, int newY);
private:
int x, y;
};
Point::Point() : x(0), y(0) {
cout<<"Default Constructor called."<<endl;
}
Point::Point(int x, int y) : x(x), y(y) {
cout<< "Constructor called."<<endl;
}
Point::~Point() { cout<<"Destructor called."<<endl; }
int Point::getX() const { return x; }
int Point::getY() const { return y; }
void Point::move(int newX, int newY) {
x = newX;
y = newY;
}
int main(){
cout << "Step one: " << endl;
Point *ptr1 = new Point; //调用默认构造函数
cout<<ptr1->getX()<<endl; //输出GetX
delete ptr1; //删除对象，自动调用析构函数
cout << "Step two: " << endl;
ptr1 = new Point(1,2);
cout<<ptr1->getX()<<endl; //输出GetX
delete ptr1;
return 0;
}2.
分配和释放动态数组
-
分配：new 类型名T [ 数组长度 ]
-
数组长度可以是任何表达式，在运行时计算
-
-
释放：delete[] 数组名p
-
释放指针p所指向的数组。
p必须是用new分配得到的数组首地址。
-
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Point {
public:
Point() : x(0), y(0) {
cout<<"Default Constructor called."<<endl;
}
Point(int x, int y) : x(x), y(y) {
cout<< "Constructor called."<<endl;
}
~Point() { cout<<"Destructor called."<<endl; }
int getX() const { return x; }
int getY() const { return y; }
void move(int newX, int newY) {
x = newX;
y = newY;
}
private:
int x, y;
};
int main() {
Point *ptr = new Point[2]; //创建对象数组
ptr[0].move(5, 10); //通过指针访问数组元素的成员
cout<<ptr[0].getY()<<endl;
ptr[1].move(15, 20); //通过指针访问数组元素的成员
cout<<ptr[1].getY()<<endl;
cout << "Deleting..." << endl;
delete[] ptr; //删除整个对象数组
return 0;
}
3.将动态数组封装成类
-
更加简洁，便于管理
-
可以在访问数组元素前检查下标是否越界
#include <iostream>
#include <cassert>
using namespace std;
class Point {
private:
int x, y;
public:
Point() : x(0), y(0) {
cout << "Default Constructor called." << endl;
}
Point(int x, int y) : x(x), y(y) {
cout << "Constructor called." << endl;
}
~Point() { cout << "Destructor called." << endl; }
int getX() const { return x; }
int getY() const { return y; }
void move(int newX, int newY) {
x = newX;
y = newY;
}
};
class ArrayOfPoints { //动态数组类
private:
Point *points; //指向动态数组首地址
int size; //数组大小
public:
ArrayOfPoints(int size) : size(size) {
points = new Point[size];
}
~ArrayOfPoints() {
cout << "Deleting..." << endl;
delete[] points;
}
Point& element(int index) {
assert(index >= 0 && index < size);
return points[index];
}
};
int main() {
int count;
cout << "Please enter the number of points: ";
cin >> count;
ArrayOfPoints points(count); //创建数组对象
points.element(0).move(5, 0); //访问数组元素的成员
points.element(1).move(15, 20); //访问数组元素的成员
return 0;
}4.动态数组，是相对于静态数组而言。静态数组的长度是编程时程序员预先定义好的，在整个程序运行中，数组大小无法改变。而动态数组则不然，它可以随程序运行的需要而在运行时重新指定大小。
动态数组的内存空间是从堆（heap）上分配（即动态分配）的。是通过执行new（或malloc等函数）操作，而为其分配存储空间。当程序执行到这些语句时，才为其分配。
对于动态数组类所申请的内存，在使用完必须由程序员自己释放，否则严重会引起内存泄露。所以内存的申请一定要有借有还，才能再借不难，也要注意，不能多还。
已知动态数组模板类的定义如下。
请补充完整
1)构造函数
2)析构函数
3)返回空间大小的 capacity() 函数
4)operator[] 重载
#include <cstring>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Point {
int x, y;
public:
// constructor
Point(int _x = 0, int _y = 0);
// deconstructor
~Point();
// cout << overload
friend ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, const Point& p);
};
Point::Point(int _x, int _y) {
this->x = _x;
this->y = _y;
cout << "\nPoint is called!";
}
Point::~Point() { cout << "\n~Point is called!"; }
ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, const Point& p) {
cout << "(" << p.x << "," << p.y << ")";
return os;
}
template <typename T>
class DynamicArray {
private:
T* array; // pointer
unsigned int mallocSize; // the length of dynamic array
public:
// Constructors
// mallocSize=length, and the new element is content
DynamicArray(unsigned length, const T& content);
// Destructors
~DynamicArray();
// Copy Constructor
DynamicArray(const DynamicArray<T>& anotherDA);
// return the this->mallocSize
unsigned int capacity() const;
// for the array[i]=someT.
T& operator[](unsigned int i);
};
template <typename T>
DynamicArray<T>::DynamicArray(unsigned length, const T& content) {
this->mallocSize = length;
cout << endl
<< "new T[" << this->mallocSize << "] malloc " << this->mallocSize
<< "*" << sizeof(T) << "=" << this->mallocSize * sizeof(T)
<< " bytes memory in heap";
this->array = new T[this->mallocSize];
for (int i = 0; i < length; ++i) {
this->array[i] = content;
}
};
template <typename T>
DynamicArray<T>::~DynamicArray() {
cout << endl
<< "delete[] array free " << this->mallocSize << "*" << sizeof(T)
<< "=" << this->mallocSize * sizeof(T) << " bytes memory in heap";
delete[] array;
};
template <typename T>
unsigned int DynamicArray<T>::capacity() const {
return this->mallocSize;
}
template <typename T>
T& DynamicArray<T>::operator[](unsigned int i) {
return this->array[i];
}
int main()
{
int length,i;
cin>> length;
DynamicArray<int> iarray(length,-1);
DynamicArray<double> darray(length,-2.1);
cout<<endl<<"capacity:"<<iarray.capacity()<<endl;
for(i=0;i<length;i++) {
cout << iarray[i] <<" ";
iarray[i] = i*1.1;
}
cout<<endl;
for(i=0;i<length;i++) {
cout << darray[i] <<" ";
darray[i] = i*1.1;
}
cout<<endl;
for(i=0;i<length;i++) {
cout << iarray[i] <<" ";
iarray[i] = i*1.1;
}
cout<<endl;
for(i=0;i<length;i++) {
cout << darray[i] <<" ";
}
}5)operator[] const 重载
template <typename T>
class DynamicArray {
private:
T* array; //pointer ，一个T类型的指针
unsigned int mallocSize; //分配空间的大小。
public:
//Constructors
// cout<<endl<< "new T["<<this->mallocSize<<"] malloc "<< this->mallocSize << "*"<<sizeof(T)<<"="<<this->mallocSize *sizeof(T)<<" bytes memory in heap";
DynamicArray(unsigned length, const T &content) ; // mallocSize=length; 设置每个元素的初始内容是 content；
// Destructors
// cout<<endl<< "delete[] array free "<< this->mallocSize << "*"<<sizeof(T)<<"="<<this->mallocSize *sizeof(T)<<" bytes memory in heap";
~DynamicArray();
//return the this->mallocSize
unsigned int capacity() const;
// for the array[i]=someT.
T& operator[](unsigned int i) ;
//自己定义个operator[] const 重载
T& operator[] (unsigned int i) const;
};
template <typename T>
DynamicArray<T>::DynamicArray(unsigned length, const T& content) {
this->mallocSize = length;
cout << endl
<< "new T[" << this->mallocSize << "] malloc " << this->mallocSize
<< "*" << sizeof(T) << "=" << this->mallocSize * sizeof(T)
<< " bytes memory in heap";
this->array = new T[this->mallocSize];
for (int i = 0; i < length; ++i) {
this->array[i] = content;
}
};
template <typename T>
DynamicArray<T>::~DynamicArray() {
cout << endl
<< "delete[] array free " << this->mallocSize << "*" << sizeof(T)
<< "=" << this->mallocSize * sizeof(T) << " bytes memory in heap";
delete[] array;
};
template <typename T>
unsigned int DynamicArray<T>::capacity() const {
return this->mallocSize;
}
template <typename T>
T& DynamicArray<T>::operator[](unsigned int i) {
return this->array[i];
}
template <typename T>
T& DynamicArray<T>::operator[](unsigned int i) const{
return this->array[i];
}
6)实现一个copy构造函数
#include <cstring>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Point {
int x, y;
public:
// constructor
Point(int _x = 0, int _y = 0);
// deconstructor
~Point();
// cout << overload
friend ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, const Point& p);
};
Point::Point(int _x, int _y) {
this->x = _x;
this->y = _y;
cout << "\nPoint is called!";
}
Point::~Point() { cout << "\n~Point is called!"; }
ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, const Point& p) {
cout << "(" << p.x << "," << p.y << ")";
return os;
}
template <typename T>
class DynamicArray {
private:
T* array; //pointer ，一个T类型的指针
unsigned int mallocSize; //分配空间的大小。
public:
//Constructors
// cout<<endl<< "new T["<<this->mallocSize<<"] malloc "<< this->mallocSize << "*"<<sizeof(T)<<"="<<this->mallocSize *sizeof(T)<<" bytes memory in heap";
DynamicArray(unsigned length, const T &content) ; // mallocSize=length; 设置每个元素的初始内容是 content；
//Copy Constructor
// cout<<endl<< "Copy Constructor is called";
DynamicArray(const DynamicArray<T> & anotherDA ) ;
// Destructors
// cout<<endl<< "delete[] array free "<< this->mallocSize << "*"<<sizeof(T)<<"="<<this->mallocSize *sizeof(T)<<" bytes memory in heap";
~DynamicArray();
//return the this->mallocSize
unsigned int capacity() const;
// for the array[i]=someT.
T& operator[](unsigned int i) ;
//自己定义个operator[] const 重载
};
template <typename T>
DynamicArray<T>::DynamicArray(unsigned length, const T& content) {
this->mallocSize = length;
cout << endl
<< "new T[" << this->mallocSize << "] malloc " << this->mallocSize
<< "*" << sizeof(T) << "=" << this->mallocSize * sizeof(T)
<< " bytes memory in heap";
this->array = new T[this->mallocSize];
for (int i = 0; i < length; ++i) {
this->array[i] = content;
}
};
template <typename T>
DynamicArray<T>::~DynamicArray() {
cout << endl
<< "delete[] array free " << this->mallocSize << "*" << sizeof(T)
<< "=" << this->mallocSize * sizeof(T) << " bytes memory in heap";
delete[] array;
};
template <typename T>
DynamicArray<T>::DynamicArray(const DynamicArray<T>& anotherDA) {
// this = anotherDA;
cout << endl << "Copy Constructor is called";
this->mallocSize = anotherDA.mallocSize;
this->array = new T[this->mallocSize];
for (int i = 0; i < this->mallocSize; ++i)
this->array[i] = anotherDA.array[i];
};
template <typename T>
unsigned int DynamicArray<T>::capacity() const {
return this->mallocSize;
}
template <typename T>
T& DynamicArray<T>::operator[](unsigned int i) {
return this->array[i];
}
int main()
{
int length,i;
cin>> length;
DynamicArray<int> iarray(length,-1);
DynamicArray<int> iarray2(iarray);
cout<<endl;
for(i=0;i<length;i++) {
cout << iarray[i] <<" ";
iarray[i] = i*1.1;
}
cout<<endl;
for(i=0;i<length;i++) {
cout << iarray2[i] <<" ";
}
return 0;
}7)实现深赋值，操作符= 的重载
#include <cstring>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Point {
int x, y;
public:
// constructor
Point(int _x = 0, int _y = 0);
// deconstructor
~Point();
// cout << overload
friend ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, const Point& p);
};
Point::Point(int _x, int _y) {
this->x = _x;
this->y = _y;
cout << "\nPoint is called!";
}
Point::~Point() { cout << "\n~Point is called!"; }
ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, const Point& p) {
cout << "(" << p.x << "," << p.y << ")";
return os;
}
template <typename T>
class DynamicArray {
private:
T* array; //pointer ，一个T类型的指针
unsigned int mallocSize; //分配空间的大小。
public:
//Constructors
// cout<<endl<< "new T["<<this->mallocSize<<"] malloc "<< this->mallocSize << "*"<<sizeof(T)<<"="<<this->mallocSize *sizeof(T)<<" bytes memory in heap";
DynamicArray(unsigned length, const T &content) ; // mallocSize=length; 设置每个元素的初始内容是 content；
//Copy Constructor
// cout<<endl<< "Copy Constructor is called";
DynamicArray(const DynamicArray<T> & anotherDA ) ;
// Destructors
// cout<<endl<< "delete[] array free "<< this->mallocSize << "*"<<sizeof(T)<<"="<<this->mallocSize *sizeof(T)<<" bytes memory in heap";
~DynamicArray();
//return the this->mallocSize
unsigned int capacity() const;
// for the array[i]=someT.
T& operator[](unsigned int i) ;
//自己定义个operator[] const 重载
//自己定义个 operator = 重载
// 函数内要输出 cout<<endl<<"operator = is called";
DynamicArray<T> & operator= (const DynamicArray<T> & anotherDA ) ;
};
template <typename T>
DynamicArray<T>::DynamicArray(unsigned length, const T& content) {
this->mallocSize = length;
cout << endl
<< "new T[" << this->mallocSize << "] malloc " << this->mallocSize
<< "*" << sizeof(T) << "=" << this->mallocSize * sizeof(T)
<< " bytes memory in heap";
this->array = new T[this->mallocSize];
for (int i = 0; i < length; ++i) {
this->array[i] = content;
}
};
template <typename T>
DynamicArray<T>::~DynamicArray() {
cout << endl
<< "delete[] array free " << this->mallocSize << "*" << sizeof(T)
<< "=" << this->mallocSize * sizeof(T) << " bytes memory in heap";
delete[] array;
};
template <typename T>
DynamicArray<T>::DynamicArray(const DynamicArray<T>& anotherDA) {
// this = anotherDA;
cout << endl << "Copy Constructor is called";
this->mallocSize = anotherDA.mallocSize;
this->array = new T[this->mallocSize];
for (int i = 0; i < this->mallocSize; ++i)
this->array[i] = anotherDA.array[i];
};
template <typename T>
DynamicArray<T>& DynamicArray<T>::operator=(const DynamicArray<T>& anotherDA) {
cout << endl << "operator = is called";
if (this == &anotherDA) return *this;
if (this->array) delete[] this->array;
this->mallocSize = anotherDA.mallocSize;
this->array = new T[this->mallocSize];
for (int i = 0; i < this->mallocSize; ++i)
this->array[i] = anotherDA.array[i];
return *this;
}
template <typename T>
unsigned int DynamicArray<T>::capacity() const {
return this->mallocSize;
}
template <typename T>
T& DynamicArray<T>::operator[](unsigned int i) {
return this->array[i];
}
int main()
{
int length,i;
cin>> length;
DynamicArray<int> iarray(length,-1);
DynamicArray<int> iarray2(iarray),iarray3(iarray2);
cout<<endl;
for(i=0;i<length;i++) {
cout << iarray3[i] <<" ";
iarray[i] = i*1.1;
}
iarray3=iarray2=iarray;
cout<<endl;
for(i=0;i<length;i++) {
cout << iarray3[i] <<" ";
}
return 0;
}8)实现深赋值，操作符= 的重载
Point类动态数组应用
实现一个Point类，实现
class Point {
int x,y;
public:
//构造函数，输出 cout<<"\nPoint is called!"; 并完成私有成员的初始化
//析构函数，输出 cout<<"\n~Point is called!";
//友元输出函数，输出 "("<<p.x<<","<<p.y<<")";
};
#include <cstring>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Point {
int x, y;
public:
// constructor
Point(int _x = 0, int _y = 0);
// deconstructor
~Point();
// cout << overload
friend ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, const Point& p);
};
Point::Point(int _x, int _y) {
this->x = _x;
this->y = _y;
cout << "\nPoint is called!";
}
Point::~Point() { cout << "\n~Point is called!"; }
ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, const Point& p) {
cout << "(" << p.x << "," << p.y << ")";
return os;
}
template <typename T>
class DynamicArray {
private:
T* array; // pointer
unsigned int mallocSize; // the length of dynamic array
public:
//Constructors
// cout<<endl<< "new T["<<this->mallocSize<<"] malloc "<< this->mallocSize << "*"<<sizeof(T)<<"="<<this->mallocSize *sizeof(T)<<" bytes memory in heap";
DynamicArray(unsigned length, const T &content) ; // mallocSize=length; 设置每个元素的初始内容是 content；
//Copy Constructor
// cout<<endl<< "Copy Constructor is called";
DynamicArray(const DynamicArray<T> & anotherDA ) ;
// Destructors
// cout<<endl<< "delete[] array free "<< this->mallocSize << "*"<<sizeof(T)<<"="<<this->mallocSize *sizeof(T)<<" bytes memory in heap";
~DynamicArray();
//return the this->mallocSize
unsigned int capacity() const;
// for the array[i]=someT.
T& operator[](unsigned int i) ;
//自己定义个operator[] const 重载
//自己定义个 operator = 重载
// 函数内要输出 cout<<endl<<"operator = is called";
DynamicArray<T>& operator=(const DynamicArray<T>& anotherDA);
};
template <typename T>
DynamicArray<T>::DynamicArray(unsigned length, const T& content) {
this->mallocSize = length;
cout << endl
<< "new T[" << this->mallocSize << "] malloc " << this->mallocSize
<< "*" << sizeof(T) << "=" << this->mallocSize * sizeof(T)
<< " bytes memory in heap";
this->array = new T[this->mallocSize];
for (int i = 0; i < length; ++i) {
this->array[i] = content;
}
};
template <typename T>
DynamicArray<T>::~DynamicArray() {
cout << endl
<< "delete[] array free " << this->mallocSize << "*" << sizeof(T)
<< "=" << this->mallocSize * sizeof(T) << " bytes memory in heap";
delete[] array;
};
template <typename T>
DynamicArray<T>::DynamicArray(const DynamicArray<T>& anotherDA) {
// this = anotherDA;
cout << endl << "Copy Constructor is called";
this->mallocSize = anotherDA.mallocSize;
this->array = new T[this->mallocSize];
for (int i = 0; i < this->mallocSize; ++i)
this->array[i] = anotherDA.array[i];
};
template <typename T>
DynamicArray<T>& DynamicArray<T>::operator=(const DynamicArray<T>& anotherDA) {
cout << endl << "operator = is called";
if (this == &anotherDA) return *this;
if (this->array) delete[] this->array;
this->mallocSize = anotherDA.mallocSize;
this->array = new T[this->mallocSize];
for (int i = 0; i < this->mallocSize; ++i)
this->array[i] = anotherDA.array[i];
return *this;
}
template <typename T>
unsigned int DynamicArray<T>::capacity() const {
return this->mallocSize;
}
template <typename T>
T& DynamicArray<T>::operator[](unsigned int i) {
return this->array[i];
}
int main()
{
int length,i;
cin>> length;
DynamicArray<Point> iarray(length,Point(3));
DynamicArray<Point> iarray2(iarray),iarray3(iarray2);
cout<<endl;
for(i=0;i<length;i++) {
cout << iarray3[i] <<" ";
iarray[i] = Point(i,i+1);
}
iarray3=iarray2=iarray;
cout<<endl;
for(i=0;i<length;i++) {
cout << iarray3[i] <<" ";
}
return 0;
}
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