python基础（四）

1.dict和list中copy方法画图加代码解释

List浅拷贝：b = a: 赋值引用，a 和 b 都指向同一个对象；

b = a.copy(): a 和 b 是一个独立的对象，但他们的子对象还是指向统一对象（是引用）。

dict_fjq = {1: [1, 2, 3]}
dict_fjq2 = dict_fjq.copy()
print(dict_fjq)
dict_fjq[1].append(4)
print(dict_fjq2)

D:\python\python.exe D:/python/python_code/fjq_var.py
{1: [1, 2, 3]}
{1: [1, 2, 3, 4]}

Process finished with exit code 0

List深拷贝：b = copy.deepcopy(a): a 和 b 完全拷贝了父对象及其子对象，两者是完全独立的。

import copy

dict_fjq = {1: [1, 2, 3]}
dict_fjq2 = dict_fjq.copy()
print(dict_fjq, dict_fjq2)
dict_fjq2 = copy.deepcopy(dict_fjq)
dict_fjq[1].append(4)
print(dict_fjq, dict_fjq2)

D:\python\python.exe D:/python/python_code/fjq_var.py
{1: [1, 2, 3]} {1: [1, 2, 3]}
{1: [1, 2, 3, 4]} {1: [1, 2, 3]}

Process finished with exit code 0

 

 

dict浅拷贝：dict_data1和dict_data2两者是独立的，但是里面的元素指向同一个，所以改变一个后，另一个也会跟着变。

dict_data = {1: [1, 2, 3]}
dict_data2 = dict_data.copy()
print(dict_data2)
print(id(dict_data[1]))
print(id(dict_data2[1]))
print(id(dict_data))
print(id(dict_data2))
dict_data[1][1] = 8
print(dict_data)
print(dict_data2)

D:\python\python.exe D:/python/python_code/fjq_var.py
{1: [1, 2, 3]}
2070674903936
2070674903936
2070669058496
2070669058688
{1: [1, 8, 3]}
{1: [1, 8, 3]}

dict深拷贝：dict深拷贝完全拷贝，两者完全独立，即使改变一个，另一个仍保持不变

import copy

dict_data = {1: [1, 2, 3]}
dict_data2 = copy.deepcopy(dict_data)
print(dict_data2)
print(id(dict_data[1]))
print(id(dict_data2[1]))
print(id(dict_data))
print(id(dict_data2))
dict_data[1][1] = 8
print(dict_data)
print(dict_data2)

D:\python\python.exe D:/python/python_code/fjq_var.py
{1: [1, 2, 3]}
2024581536640
2024581534144
2024580014528
2024580069440
{1: [1, 8, 3]}
{1: [1, 2, 3]}

Process finished with exit code 0

2.dict中扩展字典长度(多种方法)

（1） setdefault-Insert key with a value of default if key is not in the dictionary.
       如果键不在字典中，则插入值为默认值的键。

dict_data = {1: 2, 2: 3, 3: 4}
dict_data.setdefault(4)
print(dict_data)

D:\python\python.exe D:/python/python_code/fjq_var.py
{1: 2, 2: 3, 3: 4, 4: None}

Process finished with exit code 0

（2）update-D.update([E, ]**F) -> None.  Update D from dict/iterable E and F.

从字典/可迭代 E 和 F 更新 D。

dict_data = {1: 2, 2: 3, 3: 4}
dict_data1 = {4: 5}
dict_data.update(dict_data1)
print(dict_data)

D:\python\python.exe D:/python/python_code/fjq_var.py
{1: 2, 2: 3, 3: 4, 4: 5}

Process finished with exit code 0

（3）[key] = value

dict_data = {1: 2, 2: 3,}
dict_data[3] = 4
print(dict_data)

D:\python\python.exe D:/python/python_code/fjq_var.py
{1: 2, 2: 3, 3: 4}

Process finished with exit code 0

3.dict中获取所有的key,获取所有的value，获取所有的item.

（1）keys

dict_fjq = {1: 7, 2: 8, 3: 9}
print(dict_fjq.keys())

D:\python\python.exe D:/python/python_code/fjq_var.py
dict_keys([1, 2, 3])

Process finished with exit code 0

（2）value

dict_fjq = {1: 7, 2: 8, 3: 9}
print(dict_fjq.values())

D:\python\python.exe D:/python/python_code/fjq_var.py
dict_values([7, 8, 9])

Process finished with exit code 0

（3）items

dict_fjq = {1: 7, 2: 8, 3: 9}
print(dict_fjq.items())

D:\python\python.exe D:/python/python_code/fjq_var.py
dict_items([(1, 7), (2, 8), (3, 9)])

Process finished with exit code 0

4.dict中通过一个不存在的key去获取值(要求不报错)

（1）get

dict_data = {1: 2, 2: 3, 3: 4}
print(dict_data.get(4))


D:\python\python.exe D:/python/python_code/fjq_var.py
None

Process finished with exit code 0

（2）setdefault

dict_data = {1: 2, 2: 3, 3: 4}
print(dict_data.setdefault(4))


D:\python\python.exe D:/python/python_code/fjq_var.py
None

Process finished with exit code 0

5.定义空集合

data = set()
print(data)
print(type(data))

D:\python\python.exe D:/python/python_code/fjq_var.py
set()
<class 'set'>

Process finished with exit code 0

6.set中，求差集，求合集，求交集（要求在原集合上操作）
   添加一个元素
   删除一个元素(使用多种方法)

（1） 差集：symmetric_difference_update

set_data = {1, 3, 5, 6, }
set_data1 = {1, 2, 3, 5, 6}
set_data.symmetric_difference_update(set_data1)
print(set_data)

D:\python\python.exe D:/python/python_code/fjq_var.py
{2}

Process finished with exit code 0

（2）合集 ：  update

set_data = {1, 3, 5, 6, 7}
set_data1 = {1, 2, 3, 5, 6}
set_data.update(set_data1)
print(set_data)

D:\python\python.exe D:/python/python_code/fjq_var.py
{1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7}

Process finished with exit code 0

（3） 交集：intersection_update

set_data = {1, 3, 5}
set_data1 = {1, 2, 3, 4}
set_data.intersection_update(set_data1)
print(set_data)

D:\python\python.exe D:/python/python_code/fjq_var.py
{1, 3}

Process finished with exit code 0

添加元素

add

set_data = {1, 3}
set_data.add(2)
print(set_data)

D:\python\python.exe D:/python/python_code/fjq_var.py
{1, 2, 3}

Process finished with exit code 0

删除一个元素（多种方法）

pop

set_data = {1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
data = set_data.pop()
print(data, set_data)

D:\python\python.exe D:/python/python_code/fjq_var.py
1 {3, 4, 5, 6, 7}

Process finished with exit code 0

remove

set_data = {1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8}
set_data.remove(1)
print(set_data)


D:\python\python.exe D:/python/python_code/fjq_var.py
{3, 4, 5, 7, 8}

Process finished with exit code 0

discard

set_data = {1, 3, 5}
set_data.discard(1)
print(set_data)

D:\python\python.exe D:/python/python_code/fjq_var.py
{3, 5}

Process finished with exit code 0

 clear

set_data = {1, 3}
set_data.clear()
print(set_data)


D:\python\python.exe D:/python/python_code/fjq_var.py
set()

Process finished with exit code 0

  difference_update

set_data = {1, 3, 5}
set_data1 = {1}
set_data.difference_update(set_data1)
print(set_data)



D:\python\python.exe D:/python/python_code/fjq_var.py
{3, 5}

Process finished with exit code 0