序列化器
模型类的序列化---(Serializer)
1.通过serializers 指定类属性的类型,基本的校验约束min length/max length/allow null 是否为空/trim whitespace 去掉两边的空格
2.自定义校验器 I
2.1 基本的校验参数
2.2 自己定义类内部的局部校验 或者 全局校验
2.3 指定validators参数如validators=[test]然后定义test函数,完成校验规则
2.4 验证通过,返回该值;验证失败,抛出异常ValidationError
序列化器使用
作用:
1.进行数据的校验-----反序列 2.将模型类的对象转换为字典---序列化 3.减少代码量,提高编码效率----序列化器
序列化定义:
将模型类对象转为字典,然后经过Response转为json字符串--------称为序列化
反序列化定义:
将网络中的json字符串经过Request对象,转为字典或者类字典,然后经过序列化器转为模型类的对象------称为反序列化
定义模型类的序列化器,需继承
rest_framework.serializers.Serializer ---序列化器
rest_framework.serializers.ModelSerializer ---模型类的序列化器
Serializer使用方式
反序列化插入数据时,必须重写create方法;反序列化更新数据时,必须重写update方法。
模型类序列化器
from rest_framework import serializers
from rest_framework.exceptions import ValidationError,AuthenticationFailed
from .models import *
import re
# 部门的序列化器
class DepartmentSer(serializers.Serializer):
id = serializers.IntegerField(label="部门编号",read_only=True)
name = serializers.CharField(label="部门名称",max_length=50,min_length=1,allow_null=True,trim_whitespace=True)
# 全局校验
def validate(self, data):
print("正在进行全局校验",data)
...
return data
# 校验不通过
# reise ValidationError
# 重写create方法
def create(self,validated_data):
# 保存数据
dep = Department.objects.create(**validated_data)
return dep
# 重写update方法
def update(self, instance, validated_data):
# instance 要修改的对象
instance.name = validated_data.get('name')
instance.save()
return instance
def a(name):
return name
# 职责的序列化器
class DutySer(serializers.Serializer):
id = serializers.IntegerField(label="职责编号",read_only=True)
name = serializers.CharField(label="职责名称",max_length=50,min_length=1,allow_null=False,trim_whitespace=True,
validators=[a,])
# 局部校验
def validate_name(self,name):
if re.findall(r"^[A-Z]$",name):
return name
else:
raise ValidationError("职责名称不符合规则")
# 全局校验
def validate(self, data):
# 校验所有的数据 data
return data
# 员工的序列化器
class StaffSer (serializers.Serializer):
SEX_CHOICE = (
(1,"男"),
(0,"女")
)
id = serializers.IntegerField(label="员工ID",read_only=True)
name = serializers.CharField(label="员工姓名",max_length=50,min_length=1,trim_whitespace=True)
sex = serializers.ChoiceField(choices=SEX_CHOICE,default=1)
phone = serializers.CharField(label="手机号",max_length=11,min_length=1,trim_whitespace=True)
email = serializers.CharField(label="邮箱",max_length=50)
department = serializers.PrimaryKeyRelatedField(queryset=Department.objects.all())
duty = serializers.PrimaryKeyRelatedField(queryset=Duty.objects.all())
ModelSerializer与常规的Serializer相同,但提供了:
-
基于模型类自动生成一系列字段
-
基于模型类自动生成validators
-
默认实现create()和update()方法,不需重写
ModelSerializer使用
class DepartmentModelSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
class Meta:
model = Department # 指定要序列化的模型类
fields = '__all__' # 指定要序列化的字段,__all__所有字段
class DutyModelSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
class Meta:
model = Duty
fields = ("name",) # 指定需要的字段
class StaffModelSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
# 外键, 指定queryset时,只用于反序列化输入
# 指定read_only=True,只用于序列化输出
department = serializers.PrimaryKeyRelatedField(label="部门", queryset=Department.objects.all(), many=True)
duty = serializers.PrimaryKeyRelatedField(label="职责", queryset=Duty.objects.all(), many=True)
class Meta:
model = Staff
fields = ("id", "name", "sex", "phone", "department", "duty") #外键要特殊处理
read_only_fields = ("id",)
write_only_fields = ("email",)
GenericAPIView的使用
GenericAPIView是什么
GenericAPIView继承自 APIVIew,增加了对于列表视图和详情视图可能用到的通用支持方法,可搭配一个或多个Mixin扩展类,来实现其他更加高级的功能。
from rest_framework.generics import GenericAPIView
这个类内置了如下一些属性,这些属性可以帮助我们进行序列化及反序列化的操作。
列表视图与详情视图通用属性:
-
queryset 列表视图的查询集
-
serializer_class 视图使用的序列化器
列表视图使用:
-
pagination_class分页控制类
-
filter_backends过滤控制后端,对字段过滤
详情页视图使用:
-
lookup_field 查询单一数据对象时使用的条件字段,默认为'pk'
-
lookup_url_kwarg 查询单一数据时URL中的关键字参数,默认与look_field相同
列表与详情视图通用方法
-
get_queryset(self)
-
返回视图使用的查询集,是列表视图与详情视图获取数据的基础
-
默认返回queryset属性,支持重写
-
-
get_serializer_class(self)
-
返回序列化器类,默认返回serializer_class,可以重写
-
-
get_serializer(self, *args, **kwargs)
-
返回序列化器对象
-
详情视图单独方法
-
get_object(self)
-
返回详情视图所需的模型类数据对象,默认使用lookup_field参数来过滤queryset。
-
若详情访问的模型类对象不存在,会返回404,如果访问到多个重复,也会报错,默认使用get方法进行ORM查询
-
Department.objects.get(id=pk)
-
该方法会默认使用 APIView 提供的check_object_permissions方法检查当前对象是否有权限被访问
-
获取全部部门数据
from rest_framework.generics import GenericAPIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from .models import Department
from .serializer import DepartmentModelSerializer
class DepartmentListView(GenericAPIView):
queryset = Department.objects.all() # 指定查询集
serializer_class = DepartmentModelSerializer # 指定序列化器类
def get(self, request):
department_list = self.get_queryset() # 获取查询集数据
dep_serializer = self.get_serializer(department_list, many=True)
return Response(dep_serializer.data)
获取单个数据对象
from rest_framework.generics import GenericAPIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from .models import Department
from .serializer import DepartmentModelSerializer
#路由 path("/<int:pk>/", DepDetailView.as_view())
class DepDetailView(GenericAPIView):
queryset = Department.objects.all() # 指定查询集
serializer_class = DepartmentModelSerializer # 指定序列化器类
lookup_field = 'pk' # 过滤的orm参数
def get(self, request, pk):
department = self.get_object() # 获取单条数据
dep_serializer = self.get_serializer(department)
return Response(dep_serializer.data)
反序列化 添加数据
class DepartmentListView(GenericAPIView):
queryset = Department.objects.all() # 指定查询集
serializer_class = DepartmentModelSerializer # 指定序列化器类
def post(self, request):
# 接收网页发送的数据
name = request.data.get('name')
# 获取部门对象,用来判断部门是否存在
department_obj = Department.objects.filter(name=name)
# 判断部门是否存在,如果存在,返回部门存在
if department_obj:
return Response({'msg': '部门存在', 'code': 400})
# 不存在时,反序列化添加部门
dep_serializer = self.get_serializer(data=request.data)
# 校验
if dep_serializer.is_valid():
# 校验通过,保存数据
dep_serializer.save()
# 返回
return Response({'msg': '添加成功', 'code': 200})
# 校验失败,返回错误消息
else:
return Response({'error': dep_serializer.errors, 'code': 400})
混入扩展类
ListModelMixin
列表视图扩展类,提供list(request, *args, **kwargs)
方法快速实现列表视图,返回200状态码。
该Mixin的list方法会对数据进行过滤和分页。
源码:
class ListModelMixin(object):
"""
List a queryset.
"""
def list(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
# 过滤
queryset = self.filter_queryset(self.get_queryset())
# 分页
page = self.paginate_queryset(queryset)
if page is not None:
serializer = self.get_serializer(page, many=True)
return self.get_paginated_response(serializer.data)
# 序列化
serializer = self.get_serializer(queryset, many=True)
return Response(serializer.data)
示例:
from rest_framework.generics import GenericAPIView
from rest_framework.mixins import ListModelMixin
from .models import Department
from .serializer import DepartmentModelSerializer
class DepartmentListView(GenericAPIView, ListModelMixin):
"""
部门展示
"""
queryset = Department.objects.all()
serializer_class = DepartmentModelSerializer
def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
return self.list(request, *args, **kwargs)
CreateModelMixin
创建视图扩展类,提供create(request, *args, **kwargs)
方法快速实现创建资源的视图,成功返回201状态码。
如果序列化器对前端发送的数据验证失败,返回400错误。
源码:
class CreateModelMixin(object):
"""
Create a model instance.
"""
def create(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
# 获取序列化器
serializer = self.get_serializer(data=request.data)
# 验证
serializer.is_valid(raise_exception=True)
# 保存
self.perform_create(serializer)
headers = self.get_success_headers(serializer.data)
return Response(serializer.data, status=status.HTTP_201_CREATED, headers=headers)
def perform_create(self, serializer):
serializer.save()
def get_success_headers(self, data):
try:
return {'Location': str(data[api_settings.URL_FIELD_NAME])}
except (TypeError, KeyError):
return {}
示例:
from rest_framework.generics import GenericAPIView
from rest_framework.mixins import CreateModelMixin
from .models import Department
from .serializer import DepartmentModelSerializer
class DepartmentCreateView(GenericAPIView, CreateModelMixin):
"""
部门添加
"""
serializer_class = DepartmentModelSerializer
def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
return self.create(request, *args, **kwargs)
RetrieveModelMixin
详情视图扩展类,提供retrieve(request, *args, **kwargs)
方法,可以快速实现返回一个存在的数据对象。
如果存在,返回200, 否则返回404。
源码:
class RetrieveModelMixin(object):
"""
Retrieve a model instance.
"""
def retrieve(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
# 获取对象,会检查对象的权限
instance = self.get_object()
# 序列化
serializer = self.get_serializer(instance)
return Response(serializer.data)
示例:
class DepartmentRetrieveView(GenericAPIView, RetrieveModelMixin):
"""
部门单个获取
"""
queryset = Department.objects.all()
serializer_class = DepartmentModelSerializer
lookup_field = 'pk' # 过滤的orm参数
def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
return self.retrieve(request, *args, **kwargs)
UpdateModelMixin
更新视图扩展类,提供update(request, *args, **kwargs)
方法,可以快速实现更新一个存在的数据对象。
成功返回200,序列化器校验数据失败时,返回400错误。
源码:
class UpdateModelMixin(object):
"""
Update a model instance.
"""
def update(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
partial = kwargs.pop('partial', False)
instance = self.get_object()
serializer = self.get_serializer(instance, data=request.data, partial=partial)
serializer.is_valid(raise_exception=True)
self.perform_update(serializer)
...
return Response(serializer.data)
def perform_update(self, serializer):
serializer.save()
示例:
class DepartmentUpdateView(GenericAPIView, UpdateModelMixin):
"""
部门修改
"""
queryset = Department.objects.all()
serializer_class = DepartmentModelSerializer
lookup_field = 'pk' # 过滤的orm参数
def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
return self.update(request, *args, **kwargs)
DestroyModelMixin
删除视图扩展类,提供destroy(request, *args, **kwargs)
方法,可以快速实现删除一个存在的数据对象。
成功返回204,不存在返回404。
源码:
class DestroyModelMixin(object):
"""
Destroy a model instance.
"""
def destroy(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
instance = self.get_object()
self.perform_destroy(instance)
return Response(status=status.HTTP_204_NO_CONTENT)
def perform_destroy(self, instance):
instance.delete()
示例:
子类视图简介
Django框架为了方便视图的编写,还提供了9个子类视图类。
注:子类视图都在`from rest_framework.generics`模块中。
ListAPIView
提供get方法,可以获取多条数据
from rest_framework.generics import ListAPIView
from .models import Department
from .serializer import DepartmentModelSerializer
class DepListView(ListAPIView):
queryset = Department.objects.all()
serializer_class = DepartmentModelSerializer
CreateAPIView
提供post方法,可以创建一条数据
from rest_framework.generics import CreateAPIView
from .serializer import DepartmentModelSerializer
class DepCreateView(CreateAPIView):
serializer_class = DepartmentModelSerializer
RetireveAPIView
提供get方法,获取某个具体数据的详情
from rest_framework.generics import RetrieveAPIView
from .models import Department
from .serializer import DepartmentModelSerializer
class DepDetailView(RetrieveAPIView):
lookup_field = 'pk' # 过滤的orm参数
queryset = Department.objects.all()
serializer_class = DepartmentModelSerializer
DestoryAPIView
提供 delete 方法,可以删除某条存在数据
from rest_framework.generics import DestroyAPIView
from .models import Department
from .serializer import DepartmentModelSerializer
class DepDestroyView(DestroyAPIView):
lookup_field = 'pk' # 过滤的orm参数
queryset = Department.objects.all()
UpdateAPIView
提供 put 和 patch 方法,可以更新或者局部更新某条数据
from rest_framework.generics import UpdateAPIView
from .models import Department
from .serializer import DepartmentModelSerializer
class DepUpdateView(UpdateAPIView):
lookup_field = 'pk' # 过滤的orm参数
queryset = Department.objects.all()
serializer_class = DepartmentModelSerializer
ListCreateAPIView
提供 post 和 get 方法,可以创建一条数据,或获取列表数据
from rest_framework.generics import ListCreateAPIView
from .models import Department
from .serializer import DepartmentModelSerializer
class DepListCreateView(ListCreateAPIView):
# 共用一个序列化器同时实现创建和数据展示
queryset = Department.objects.all()
serializer_class = DepartmentModelSerializer
RetrieveUpdateAPIView
提供 get、put、patch 方法,可以获取一条数据详情,也可以更新一条数据
from rest_framework.generics import RetrieveUpdateAPIView
from .models import Department
from .serializer import DepartmentModelSerializer
class DepRetrieveUpdateView(RetrieveUpdateAPIView):
lookup_field = 'pk' # 过滤的orm参数
queryset = Department.objects.all()
serializer_class = DepartmentModelSerializer
RetrieveDestroyAPIView
提供 get 和 delete 方法,可以获取和删除一条已存在数据
from rest_framework.generics import RetrieveDestroyAPIView
from .models import Department
from .serializer import DepartmentModelSerializer
class DepRetrieveDestroyView(RetrieveDestroyAPIView):
lookup_field = 'pk' # 过滤的orm参数
queryset = Department.objects.all()
serializer_class = DepartmentModelSerializer
RetrieveUpdateDestoryAPIView
提供 get、put、patch、delete 方法,啥也能干
from rest_framework.generics import RetrieveUpdateDestroyAPIView
from .models import Department
from .serializer import DepartmentModelSerializer
class DepartmentAll(RetrieveUpdateDestroyAPIView):
lookup_field = 'pk' # 过滤的orm参数
queryset = Department.objects.all()
serializer_class = DepartmentModelSerializer