gylweek1

第1章:物流与供应链管理概论

供应链管理的定义
  • 供应链管理(Supply Chain Management, SCM)

    • 中文定义:通过跨组织的无缝、增值流程设计和管理,满足终端客户的实际需求。
    • 英文定义:The design and management of seamless, value-added processes across organizational boundaries to meet the real needs of the end customer.
  • 物流(Logistics)

    • 中文定义:供应链的一部分,涉及商品、服务及相关信息的高效流动和存储,以满足客户需求。
    • 英文定义:The part of the supply chain that plans, implements, and controls the efficient, effective flow and storage of goods, services, and related information from the point of origin to the point of consumption in order to meet customers' requirements.
核心概念
  • 内部价值链元素(Internal Value Chain Elements)

    • 执行管理(Executive Management):定义公司战略并分配资源以实现目标。
    • 供应管理(Supply Management):协调上游供应链,寻找合适的供应商并建立正确的关系。
    • 运营(Operations):将从供应商处获得的输入转化为更有价值的产品。
    • 物流(Logistics):移动和存储材料,使其在需要的时候和地点可用。
    • 营销(Marketing):管理与客户的下游关系,识别他们的需求并传达公司如何满足这些需求。
    • 人力资源(Human Resources):设计用于招聘、培训和发展员工的系统。
    • 会计(Accounting):维护业务记录,提供控制运营所需的信息。
    • 财务(Finance):获取和控制运营业务所需的资本。
    • 信息技术(Information Technology):构建和维护捕捉和传递信息的系统。
    • 研究与开发(Research and Development):负责新产品开发。
  • 供应链整合(Supply Chain Integration)

    • 内部流程整合(Internal Process Integration):增加公司各功能组之间的协作。
    • 向后整合(Backward Process Integration):与一级和二级供应商的合作。
    • 向前整合(Forward Process Integration):与一级客户的合作。
    • 完全整合(Complete Integration):从供应商的供应商到客户的客户的全面合作。
供应链管理理论
  • 比较优势理论(Theory of Comparative Advantage)

    • 中文解释:在公司层面应用比较优势理论,使公司能够专注于自身优势,而其他活动则外包给具有互补能力的公司。
    • 英文解释:The theory of comparative advantage applied at the company level allows companies to focus on what they do well. Other activities are outsourced to companies with complementary capabilities.
  • 亚当·斯密的分工理论(Adam Smith's Division of Labor Theory)

    • 中文解释:通过分工实现劳动生产率的最大化。国家的财富来源于其劳动,劳动生产率的最大改进来自于劳动分工。
    • 英文解释:Adam Smith's theory states that the wealth of a nation is the product of its labor, and the greatest improvements in the productivity of labor result from the division of labor.
供应链示例和案例分析
  • 制造业供应链(Supply Chain: Manufacturing Example)

    • 中文解释:从供应商到消费者的整个供应链,包括采购、生产和分销环节。
    • 英文解释:Understanding the entire supply chain from suppliers to consumers, including procurement, production, and distribution stages.
  • 服务业供应链(Supply Chain: Service Example)

    • 中文解释:了解服务行业中的供应链,如第三方物流(3PL)和第四方物流(4PL)的角色。
    • 英文解释:Understanding the supply chain in service industries, such as the role of third-party logistics (3PL) and fourth-party logistics (4PL).
  • 案例分析方法(Case Analysis Methods)

    • 案例分析步骤(Steps in Case Analysis)
      • 识别活动并分类(Identify and Classify Activities):例如,入库物流、运营、出库物流、营销与销售、服务等。
      • 评估每个活动的优缺点(Evaluate Strengths and Weaknesses of Each Activity):例如,评估入库物流中的质量保证系统。
      • 利用和维护优势,解决弱点(Leverage and Maintain Strengths, Address Weaknesses):决定哪些优势是稀缺的、有价值的、持久的和难以模仿的。
    • 价值链分析(Value Chain Analysis)
      • 步骤1:识别和分类公司中的活动(Step 1: Identify and Classify Activities in the Company)
      • 步骤2:评估每个活动的优缺点(Step 2: Identify the Strengths and Weaknesses of Each Activity)
      • 步骤3:利用和维护优势,解决弱点(Step 3: Leverage and Maintain Strengths, Address Weaknesses)
供应链中的问题
  • 本地最优与全局最优(Local vs. Global Optimum)

    • 中文解释:本地最优而非全局最优可能会影响供应链效率。
    • 英文解释:Local optimum rather than global optimum can impact the efficiency of the supply chain.
  • 功能性思维的局限性(Limitations of Functional Thinking)

    • 中文解释:功能结构可能导致缺乏整体视角,影响最终用户的满意度。
    • 英文解释:Functional structures may lead to a lack of holistic perspective, impacting end-user satisfaction.

第2章:流程管理

流程管理(Process Management)
  • 流程管理

    • 中文定义:从竞争“我们生产什么”到“我们如何生产”。
    • 英文定义:It’s a shift from competing on what we make to how we make it.
  • 功能性思维的局限性(Limitations of Functional Thinking)

    • 中文解释:功能性思维限制了合作和创造性思维。
    • 英文解释:Functional thinking limits cooperation and impedes creative thinking.
  • 流程管理的好处(Benefits of Process Management)

    • 中文解释:流程管理促进了协作,提升了客户满意度并降低了成本。
    • 英文解释:Process management promotes collaboration, facilitating customer satisfaction at low cost.
  • 实施流程管理的要求(Requirements for Implementing Process Management)

    • 中文解释:公司需要认识到功能结构的局限性,并在全公司范围内灌输流程思维。
    • 英文解释:Companies need to recognize the limiting nature of functional structures and instill process thinking throughout the company.
功能组织(Functional Organization)
  • 功能组织的定义(Definition of Functional Organization)

    • 中文定义:将资源分组到特定部门,每个部门执行特定任务以实现公司目标。
    • 英文定义:Groups resources into specific departments which perform specific tasks to help the company achieve desired goals.
  • 各部门的角色和目标(Roles and Goals of Departments)

    • 研发(Research and Development)
      • 中文:将客户需求转化为有形产品。目标是设计出吸引人的、易于制造的产品,并缩短从概念到市场的时间。
      • 英文:Translates customer needs into tangible products. The goal is to design appealing, easy-to-make products with shorter concept-to-market lead times.
    • 采购(Purchasing)
      • 中文:以正确的价格获取正确的材料供运营使用。采购的目标是选择合适的供应商并与他们建立正确的关系。
      • 英文:Acquires the right materials at the right price for use in operations. Sourcing’s goal is to select the right suppliers and then build the right relationships with them.
    • 生产(Production)
      • 中文:将输入转化为更有价值和更受欢迎的产品或服务。目标是使用资本、能源、知识和劳动力来构建低成本、高质量的生产流程。
      • 英文:Transforms inputs into a more highly valued and desirable product or service. The goal is to use capital, energy, knowledge, and labor to build processes that make low-cost, high-quality goods.
    • 物流(Logistics)
      • 中文:移动和存储商品,使其可供运营或销售。物流的目标是通过关键活动如运输、仓储和订单处理,确保材料和产品在需要的时间和地点以最低成本到达。
      • 英文:Moves and stores goods so they are available for use in operations or for sale to customers. Logistics seeks to leverage critical activities like transportation, warehousing, and order processing to make sure materials and products are where they need to be when they need to be at the lowest cost.
    • 营销(Marketing)
      • 中文:识别客户需求并向客户传达公司如何满足这些需求。营销的目标是作为公司与客户之间的联络人。
      • 英文:Identifies customer needs and communicates to the customer how the company can meet those needs. Marketing’s objective is to perform a liaison role between the company and its customers.
  • 功能结构的缺点(Disadvantages of Functional Structures)

    • 中文解释:功能结构导致无法看到部门级别以外的情况,无法考虑对公司的整体影响。
    • 英文解释:Functional structures result in a failure to see beyond the department level to the end user and to consider the impact on the remainder of the company.
流程思维(Process Thinking)
  • 流程思维的定义(Definition of Process Thinking)

    • 中文定义:流程思维将决策与公司战略对齐,并协调跨功能的行动。
    • 英文定义:Process thinking aligns decisions with corporate strategy and coordinates actions across functions.
  • 流程组成部分(Components of a Process)

    • 信息流(Information Flow)
      • 中文:信息在流程中的流动。
      • 英文:The flow of information within the process.
    • 物流流(Physical Flow)
      • 中文:实际货物和材料在流程中的流动。
      • 英文:The flow of physical goods and materials within the process.
    • 资金流(Financial Flow)
      • 中文:资金在流程中的流动。
      • 英文:The flow of funds within the process.
系统思维(Systems Thinking)
  • 系统思维的定义(Definition of Systems Thinking)

    • 中文定义:系统思维是全面考虑决策的直接本地结果和长期系统影响的过程。
    • 英文定义:Systems thinking is the holistic process of considering both the immediate local outcomes and the longer-term system-wide ramifications of decisions.
  • 系统思维的要求(Requirements for Systems Thinking)

    • 整体视角(Holistic View)
      • 中文解释:管理者需要看到所有的相互关系,并理解组织内所有的权衡。
      • 英文解释:Managers need to see all of the interrelationships and understand all of the trade-offs within organizations.
    • 信息可用性和准确性(Information Availability and Accuracy)
      • 中文解释:大量数据需要收集、分析并转化为知识,以便做出全面的决策。
      • 英文解释:A tremendous amount of data must be collected, analyzed, and translated into knowledge before well-informed, holistic decisions can be made.
    • 跨功能和跨组织团队合作(Cross-Functional and Interorganizational Teamwork)
      • 中文解释:跨功能和跨组织团队合作有助于改善信息流动,并在组织和功能区域内建立信任。
      • 英文解释:Cross-functional and interorganizational teams help to improve the flow of information and build trust within organizations and functional areas.
    • 测量(Measurement)
      • 中文解释:补偿、认可和奖励系统应与长期的全局决策相一致。
      • 英文解释:Compensation, recognition, and reward systems should be aligned with holistic long-term decision-making.
    • 系统分析(Systems Analysis)
      • 中文解释:系统思维要求公司和员工理解其在整个链条中的位置。
      • 英文解释:Systems thinking requires that companies and their employees understand their place in the larger chain.
流程再造(Process Reengineering)
  • 流程再造的定义(Definition of Process Reengineering)

    • 中文定义:利用系统思维和信息技术对业务流程进行根本性的重新设计。
    • 英文定义:The radical redesign of business processes using systems thinking and information technology.
  • 流程再造的目标(Goals of Process Reengineering)

    • 中文解释:简化和重塑流程,以在更短的时间内以更低的成本实现预期结果。
    • 英文解释:Simplifying and reshaping the process with the goals of achieving the desired outcomes in shorter time-frames at less cost.
  • 流程再造的步骤(Steps in Process Reengineering)

    • 识别预期结果(Identify Desired Outcomes)
      • 中文:流程被重新设计以满足特定客户需求。
      • 英文:Processes are redesigned to fulfill specific customer needs.
    • 使流程可见(Make Processes Visible)
      • 中文:流程映射识别活动、资源和性能维度,帮助管理层了解现有流程。
      • 英文:Process mapping identifies activities, resources, and performance dimensions, helping management understand the as-is process.
    • 分配工作责任(Assign Responsibility for Work)
      • 中文:工作重新设计的责任应在实际工作完成的层级;员工了解流程并有改进的想法。
      • 英文:Responsibility for redesign should be at the level where work is done; employees understand the process and have ideas for improving it.
    • 利用技术(Leverage Technology)
      • 中文:技术使得以新方式实现预期结果成为可能。
      • 英文:Technology makes it possible to achieve outcomes in new ways.

回答以下问题:

识别和描述由职能思维带来的挑战
  • 中文:职能思维限制了跨部门的合作,导致各部门之间缺乏协调和沟通,从而阻碍了创新和整体效率的提高。职能思维还可能导致各部门仅关注局部最优而忽视全局最优,从而影响公司的整体绩效。
  • 英文:Functional thinking limits cross-departmental cooperation, leading to a lack of coordination and communication between departments, thereby hindering innovation and overall efficiency. It can also cause departments to focus on local optimization rather than global optimization, affecting the overall performance of the company.
讨论典型流程的结构
  • 中文:一个典型流程的结构包括信息流、物流流和资金流。这些流动需要在整个流程中被有效地管理和协调,以确保高效的运营和客户满意度。
  • 英文:A typical process structure includes information flow, physical flow, and financial flow. These flows need to be effectively managed and coordinated throughout the process to ensure efficient operations and customer satisfaction.
描述组成流程的流
  • 中文:流程由以下几个流组成:
    • 信息流:在流程中传递和交换的信息。
    • 物流流:在流程中移动和处理的实际货物和材料。
    • 资金流:在流程中流动的资金。
  • 英文:Processes are composed of the following flows:
    • Information Flow: The information transmitted and exchanged within the process.
    • Physical Flow: The actual goods and materials moved and handled within the process.
    • Financial Flow: The funds flowing within the process.
解释系统思维在流程设计和管理中的角色,讨论系统分析的要求和障碍
  • 中文:系统思维在流程设计和管理中起到关键作用,要求从整体视角考虑决策的短期和长期影响。系统分析需要以下条件:
    • 整体视角:理解所有相互关系和组织内的权衡。
    • 信息可用性和准确性:大量数据需要被收集、分析并转化为知识。
    • 跨功能和跨组织团队合作:促进信息流动和建立信任。
    • 测量:补偿、认可和奖励系统应与长期的全局决策相一致。
    • 障碍包括信息获取的困难、不同部门间的协调问题以及现有测量系统的局限性。
  • 英文:Systems thinking plays a crucial role in process design and management, requiring consideration of both short-term and long-term impacts of decisions from a holistic perspective. Systems analysis requires the following conditions:
    • Holistic View: Understanding all interrelationships and trade-offs within organizations.
    • Information Availability and Accuracy: A tremendous amount of data needs to be collected, analyzed, and translated into knowledge.
    • Cross-Functional and Interorganizational Teamwork: Promoting the flow of information and building trust.
    • Measurement: Compensation, recognition, and reward systems should align with holistic long-term decision-making.
    • Barriers include difficulties in obtaining accurate information, coordination issues between different departments, and limitations of existing measurement systems.
描述公司作为跨越职能边界和资源类型的互动决策系列
  • 中文:公司可以被视为一系列跨越职能边界和资源类型的互动决策。每个决策都需要考虑如何最有效地使用可用资源来创造客户价值。这包括客户焦点、核心竞争力的发展、资源分配、信息和绩效系统的对齐。
  • 英文:A company can be viewed as a series of interactive decisions made across functional boundaries and resource types. Each decision needs to consider how to most effectively use available resources to create customer value. This includes customer focus, competency development, resource allocation, and alignment of information and performance systems.
解释流程再造及其在设计世界级流程中的应用
  • 中文:流程再造是一种使用系统思维和信息技术从根本上重新设计业务流程的方法。通过识别预期结果、使流程可见、分配工作责任和利用技术,流程再造可以帮助公司设计出世界级的流程,实现更高的效率和客户满意度。
  • 英文:Process reengineering is an approach that fundamentally redesigns business processes using systems thinking and information technology. By identifying desired outcomes, making processes visible, assigning responsibility for work, and leveraging technology, process reengineering can help companies design world-class processes, achieving higher efficiency and customer satisfaction.
  1. 战略联动

    • 战略的作用是指导资源的使用,以开发正确的能力,从而推动公司的价值主张。
    • 供应链战略旨在利用供应链中不同公司的资源和技能,为终端客户提供卓越价值。
  2. 资源管理

    • 每个公司都必须管理五种资源:人力、技术、材料、基础设施和资本。
  3. 信息共享

    • 传达战略目标和组织角色,典型的数据类型和用途包括客户相关数据、公司能力和流程、竞争对手战略和能力、外部操作环境和供应链操作信息。
  4. 绩效测量

    • 绩效测量系统必须与战略目标保持一致,并清晰传达期望和责任。

第3章:供应链中的信息技术

信息的重要性
  • 中文解释
    • 信息的重要性:我们相信,那些利用互联网与供应商和客户建立信息合作伙伴关系的公司,有可能从根本上改变全球竞争的面貌……并改变我们为客户和利益相关者提供价值的定义。
    • 引述:迈克尔·戴尔(Michael Dell)
  • 英文解释
    • The Importance of Information: We believe those companies that position themselves to take advantage of the Internet to build information partnerships with their suppliers and customers have the potential to fundamentally change the face of global competition… and change our definition of the value we provide to our customers and constituents.
    • Quoted by: Michael Dell
信息在供应链中的使用
  • 中文解释

    • 信息在供应链中的作用:信息为供应链管理决策提供基础。信息必须准确、及时可得并且适宜。
    • 信息是一个关键驱动因素,作为“粘合剂”创造协调的供应链。
    • 实时信息有助于提高客户满意度;信息替代库存或其他资源可以降低成本;信息可以增加灵活性;信息共享重新定义了供应链关系。
  • 英文解释

    • The Role of Information in a Supply Chain: Information provides the basis for supply chain management decisions. Information must be accurate, accessible in a timely manner, and of the right kind.
    • Information is a key driver that serves as the “glue” to create a coordinated supply chain.
    • Real-time information regarding availability, delivery, shipping, and invoices allows for improved customer satisfaction; substituting information for inventory or other resources reduces costs; information can be used to increase flexibility; information sharing is redefining supply chain relationships.
  • 信息在供应链中的使用

    • 中文解释:信息在供应链所有决策阶段使用:战略、规划、操作。
      • 战略:位置决策。
      • 操作:今天生产哪些产品。
    • 英文解释:Information used at all phases of decision-making: strategic, planning, operational.
      • Strategic: location decisions.
      • Operational: what products will be produced during today’s production run.
  • 具体例子

    • 中文解释:库存:需求模式、持有成本、缺货成本、订购成本。
      • 运输:成本、客户位置、装运尺寸。
      • 设施:位置、容量、时间表;需要关于灵活性与效率之间的权衡、需求、汇率、税收等的信息。
    • 英文解释:Inventory: demand patterns, carrying costs, stock-out costs, ordering costs.
      • Transportation: costs, customer locations, shipment sizes.
      • Facility: location, capacity, schedules; need information about trade-offs between flexibility and efficiency, demand, exchange rates, taxes, etc.
信息战略的局限性
  • 中文解释
    • 信息技术是一个使能器,而不是万能的解决方案。
    • 自动化不良流程只是加快了错误的发生。
    • 错误的信息技术战略既不能提供真正的价值,也不能提高客户满意度。
  • 英文解释
    • Information technology is an enabler, not a silver bullet.
    • Automating bad processes simply helps to make mistakes faster.
    • The wrong technology strategy adds neither real value nor improves customer satisfaction.
信息系统的发展时间轴
  • 中文解释
    • “黑暗时代”:1960年代-1970年代。
    • 物料管理时代:1980-1985。
    • 供应链管理时代:1991-2020。
    • 各个时期的技术和系统发展:
      • EOQ(经济订购量),ROP(再订购点)。
      • MRP(物料需求计划),MRP II(制造资源计划),DRP(分销需求计划),传真。
      • JIT(准时生产),QR(快速反应),CPR(持续补货),ECR(高效客户响应)。
      • TOC(约束理论),VMI(供应商管理库存),ARP(自动补货程序),RF(无线电频率)。
      • MES(制造执行系统),ERP(企业资源计划),APS(先进规划与排程系统),XDM(扩展数据管理),CPFR(协作计划、预测与补货),CRM(客户关系管理)。
      • ERP II,ECM(企业内容管理),RFID(射频识别),EDI(电子数据交换)。
  • 英文解释
    • “Dark Ages”: 1960s-1970s.
    • Era of Material Management: 1980-1985.
    • Era of Supply Chain Management: 1991-2020.
    • Development of technologies and systems over different periods:
      • EOQ (Economic Order Quantity), ROP (Reorder Point).
      • MRP (Material Requirements Planning), MRP II (Manufacturing Resource Planning), DRP (Distribution Requirements Planning), Fax.
      • JIT (Just In Time), QR (Quick Response), CPR (Continuous Replenishment), ECR (Efficient Consumer Response).
      • TOC (Theory of Constraints), VMI (Vendor Managed Inventory), ARP (Automated Replenishment Program), RF (Radio Frequency).
      • MES (Manufacturing Execution System), ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning), APS (Advanced Planning and Scheduling), XDM (Extended Data Management), CPFR (Collaborative Planning, Forecasting and Replenishment), CRM (Customer Relationship Management).
      • ERP II, ECM (Enterprise Content Management), RFID (Radio Frequency Identification), EDI (Electronic Data Interchange).
企业资源规划(ERP)
  • 中文解释
    • ERP系统:一个单一的数据库,周围是应用程序,这些程序从数据库中获取数据,或者为企业收集额外的数据。
    • 20世纪90年代,财富1000强中的一半开始实施ERP系统。
  • 英文解释
    • ERP Systems: A single database surrounded by application programs that take data from the database and either conduct analysis or collect additional data for the firm.
    • During the 1990s, half of the Fortune 1000 began implementation of ERP systems.
ERP的实施过程
  • 中文解释
    1. 定义当前的“现状”流程:
      • 跨职能的实施团队记录当前的流程。
    2. 定义“最佳实践”的业务流程:
      • 明确阐述流程的最终目标。
      • 识别ERP系统将取代什么。
      • 识别收益可能如何实现。
    3. 开发系统:
      • 顾问与最熟悉业务流程的人员合作开发系统。
    4. 处理所有最终的“错误”并“切换”:
      • 切换的危险在于公司可能还未准备好改变,系统也可能未完全配置好以处理业务。
  • 英文解释
    1. Define the current process “as is”:
      • Cross functional implementation team of subject matter experts document the current processes.
    2. Define what the “best-in-class” business process should be:
      • Explicitly state the final objective of the process.
      • Identify what the ERP system will replace.
      • Identify how the benefits are likely to occur.
    3. Develop the system:
      • Consultants work in conjunction with those who are most familiar with the business processes in question.
    4. Work through all final “bugs” and then “flip the switch”:
      • A danger that often exists when flipping the switch—switching over from the old system to the new system—is that the company may not be ready for the change, nor is the system completely configured to handle the specific activities that keep the business running.
ERP的实施问题
  • 中文解释
    • 永无止境的实施:许多公司逐个模块采用ERP系统,延长了实施周期。简单的实施通常需要一年或更长时间,复杂的实施可能需要接近十年。
    • 过程映射的重要性:每个应用程序捕获关于一个过程的数据。过程映射详细记录每个过程,帮助管理者真正了解其工作原理。
    • 过程再设计:将新的ERP系统与不良流程结合通常会导致不满意的结果——同样的错误被更快地重复。ERP实施可以推动新业务实践和流程的采用。
    • 使用顾问:任何新技术都有一个学习曲线,知识渊博的顾问可以提供帮助。完全依赖外部顾问可能会导致昂贵的实施,且不符合公司的需求。
    • 过高的成本:没有适当的规划,成本和时间线可能很快超过预算。ERP所有权的平均总成本从40万美元到3亿美元不等,平均成本为1500万美元。时间和预算通常会超过50%到100%或更多。
    • 对变革的抵制:员工和管理者通常更喜欢旧系统,并且对变革有抵制。
    • 实施过程中的错误:新系统中的小故障或错误可能只有在实施后才会显现出来。避免这个问题的方法包括:逐步引入新系统,同时逐步淘汰旧系统;在新旧系统并行运行直到“错误”被排除;在有限的部门或地点进行试点项目。
    • 技术变化的速度:技术快速变化可能会使新系统变得过时,复杂化成本效益分析。新技术的早期采用者受益于领先竞争对手,但也面临获取未经测试技术的风险,这可能会破坏公司的整个运营。
  • 英文解释
    • Never-ending implementation: Many firms adopt ERP systems module by module extending the implementation period. Even simple implementations take a year or more, and complex implementations have taken close to a decade.
    • Importance of process mapping: Each application captures data for and about a process. Process mapping documents each process in detail, helping managers gain a real understanding of how it works.
    • Process redesign: Combining a new ERP system with a bad process usually leads to unsatisfactory results—the same old mistakes are made more rapidly. ERP implementation can drive the adoption of new business practices and processes.
    • Use of consultants: There is a learning curve inherent in any new technology, knowledgeable consultants can help. Relying solely on outside consultants can lead to an expensive implementation that doesn’t meet the company’s needs.
    • Excessive cost: Without proper planning, costs and timelines can quickly exceed the budget. The average total cost of ERP ownership ranged from $400,000 to $300 million with an average cost of $15 million. Implementation time estimates and financial budgets are often exceeded by 50 to 100 percent or more.
    • Resistance to change: Employees and managers often prefer the legacy systems and are resistant to change.
    • Errors during implementation: Glitches or errors in new systems may become evident only after implementation. To avoid this problem, companies can: gradually phase in new systems while phasing out old ones; run both systems in parallel until the “bugs” have been worked out; utilize pilot projects at a limited number of divisions or locations.
    • Rapid technological change: Rapid technological change can render new systems obsolete, complicating cost-benefit analyses. Early adopters of a new technology have the benefit of being ahead of the competition but run the risk of acquiring an untested technology that could disrupt the firm’s entire operations.
未来的ERP趋势
  • 中文解释
    • ERP系统旨在增强公司内部的沟通,从而促进与外部各方的交流。
    • 供应链合作伙伴之间日益增长的协作需求催生了新系统:
      • 云ERP:如Netsuite、Salesforce。
      • 移动性:在移动设备上。
      • 企业商务管理(ECM)。
  • 英文解释
    • ERP systems were designed to enhance internal firm communication thereby facilitating exchange with external parties.
    • Growing demand for collaboration among supply chain partners resulted in the new systems:
      • Cloud ERP: Netsuite, Salesforce.
      • Mobility: on mobile devices.
      • Enterprise Commerce Management (ECM).
电子商务与互联网
  • 中文解释
    • 互联网技术的使用降低了电子提供、收集和传递信息的成本。
      • 互联网:提供无限访问。
      • 内联网:为有限数量的各方提供系统访问;避免定制接口、不兼容的硬件类型和特殊连接程序。
      • 外联网:允许外部用户有限访问某些应用程序和数据。
    • 电子商务是使用计算机和网络通信技术自动化商业交易。
      • 电子数据交换(EDI)、互联网、电子邮件、电子资金转账、电子公告板。
    • 电子商务可以通过以下方式降低成本:
      • 库存集中。
      • 运输地点集中。
      • 减少安全库存。
      • 合并入境运输。
      • 实时捕获和分发需求和库存信息。
    • 电子商务可以通过以下方式增加收入:
      • 消除时间和地点限制。
      • 允许直接向客户销售。
      • 允许实时访问需求和库存数据,促进更好的决策。
      • 允许即时和灵活地引入产品和产品组合。
      • 允许客户即时支付订单,减少现金到现金周期时间。
  • 英文解释
    • The use of Internet technology has reduced the cost of providing, collecting, and communicating information electronically.
      • Internet: provides unlimited access.
      • Intranet: provides systems access to a limited number of parties; avoids custom interfaces, incompatible hardware types, and special connection procedures.
      • Extranet: allows limited access to certain applications and data to external users.
    • E-commerce is the automation of commercial transactions using computers and networked communication technologies.
      • Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), Internet, E-mail, Electronic funds transfer, Electronic bulletin boards.
    • E-commerce can reduce costs by allowing for:
      • Centralization of inventory.
      • Centralization of shipping locations.
      • Reduction of safety stock.
      • Consolidation of inbound transportation.
      • Real-time capture and distribution of demand and inventory information.
    • E-commerce can enhance revenue by:
      • Removing time and location constraints.
      • Allowing direct to customer sales.
      • Allowing real-time access to demand in inventory data facilitating better decision-making.
      • Allowing instantaneous and flexible introduction of products and product mixes.
      • Allowing the customer to instantly pay for orders reducing cash-to-cash cycle time.
射频识别技术(RFID)
  • 中文解释
    • 射频传输:在计算机系统和移动操作员之间进行射频传输。
      • 广泛用于仓库和配送中心的操作。
      • 提高拣选效率和准确性。
    • 射频识别标签(RFID):嵌入产品或产品包装中的编码电子芯片。
    • 与条形码不同,RFID不需要视线即可扫描。
    • RFID标签可以容纳比条形码更多的信息。
    • RFID信息可以对每个产品都是唯一的,而不仅仅是特定类型的项目或UPC代码。
    • RFID广泛用于仓库和配送中心操作,提高拣选效率和准确性;其他好处包括:节省时间、易于跟踪、大量信息同时收集。
    • 但条形码仍在使用,特别是在POS(销售点)级别,因为其成本低且与现有信息系统兼容。
  • 英文解释
    • Radio Frequency Transmissions: Radio frequency transmissions between computer systems and mobile operators.
      • Used extensively in warehouse and distribution center operations.
      • Improves picking efficiency and accuracy.
    • Radio Frequency Identification Tags (RFID): Coded electronic chips embedded in the product or in product packaging.
    • Unlike barcodes, RFID does not require line of sight to be scanned.
    • RFID tags can hold much more information than bar codes.
    • RFID information can be unique to every product, not just a specific type of item or UPC code.
    • RFID is used extensively in warehouse and distribution centre operations, which improves picking efficiency and accuracy; other benefits include: time-saving; easy to track; large volume of information gathered at the same time.
    • But barcodes are still in use, especially at POS (point of sales) level, due to its low-cost and compatibility with existing information systems.
供应链IT框架
  • 中文解释
    • 供应链宏观过程:
      • 客户关系管理(CRM)。
      • 内部供应链管理(ISCM)。
      • 供应商关系管理(SRM)。
      • 加上:事务管理基础。
    • 客户关系管理(CRM):企业与其在供应链下游的客户之间的过程。
      • 关键过程:营销、销售、订单管理、呼叫/服务中心。
    • 内部供应链管理(ISCM):包括规划和履行客户订单的所有过程。
      • ISCM过程:战略规划、需求规划、供应规划、履行、现场服务。
      • ISCM和CRM宏观过程之间必须有强有力的整合。
    • 供应商关系管理(SRM):专注于企业与上游供应商之间互动的过程。
      • 关键过程:设计协作、采购、谈判、购买、供应协作。
      • ISCM和SRM过程之间有天然的契合。
  • 英文解释
    • Supply Chain Macro Processes:
      • Customer Relationship Management (CRM).
      • Internal Supply Chain Management (ISCM).
      • Supplier Relationship Management (SRM).
      • Plus: Transaction Management Foundation.
    • Customer Relationship Management (CRM): The processes that take place between an enterprise and its customers downstream in the supply chain.
      • Key processes: Marketing, Selling, Order management, Call/Service center.
    • Internal Supply Chain Management (ISCM): Includes all processes involved in planning for and fulfilling a customer order.
      • ISCM processes: Strategic Planning, Demand Planning, Supply Planning, Fulfillment, Field Service.
      • There must be strong integration between the ISCM and CRM macro processes.
    • Supplier Relationship Management (SRM): Those processes focused on the interaction between the enterprise and suppliers that are upstream in the supply chain.
      • Key processes: Design Collaboration, Source, Negotiate, Buy, Supply Collaboration.
      • There is a natural fit between ISCM and SRM processes.
供应链中的信息技术实践
  • 中文解释
    • 选择一个能够解决公司关键成功因素的IT系统。
    • 采取增量步骤并衡量价值。
    • 使复杂性水平与复杂性需求对齐。
    • 使用IT系统来支持决策,而不是做决策。
    • 考虑未来。
  • 英文解释
    • Select an IT system that addresses the company’s key success factors.
    • Take incremental steps and measure value.
    • Align the level of sophistication with the need for sophistication.
    • Use IT systems to support decision making, not to make decisions.
    • Think about the future.
信息和信息技术在供应链中的作用
  • 中文解释
    • 信息为供应链管理决策提供基础。信息必须准确、及时可得并且适宜。
    • 信息是一个关键驱动因素,作为“粘合剂”创造协调的供应链。
    • 实时信息有助于提高客户满意度;信息替代库存或其他资源可以降低成本;信息可以增加灵活性;信息共享重新定义了供应链关系。
  • 英文解释
    • Information provides the basis for supply chain management decisions. Information must be accurate, accessible in a timely manner, and of the right kind.
    • Information is a key driver that serves as the “glue” to create a coordinated supply chain.
    • Real-time information regarding availability, delivery, shipping, and invoices allows for improved customer satisfaction; substituting information for inventory or other resources reduces costs; information can be used to increase flexibility; information sharing is redefining supply chain relationships.
信息技术的历史发展
  • 中文解释
    • “黑暗时代”:1960年代-1970年代。
    • 物料管理时代:1980-1985。
    • 供应链管理时代:1991-2020。
    • 各个时期的技术和系统发展:
      • EOQ(经济订购量),ROP(再订购点)。
      • MRP(物料需求计划),MRP II(制造资源计划),DRP(分销需求计划),传真。
      • JIT(准时生产),QR(快速反应),CPR(持续补货),ECR(高效客户响应)。
      • TOC(约束理论),VMI(供应商管理库存),ARP(自动补货程序),RF(无线电频率)。
      • MES(制造执行系统),ERP(企业资源计划),APS(先进规划与排程系统),XDM(扩展数据管理),CPFR(协作计划、预测与补货),CRM(客户关系管理)。
      • ERP II,ECM(企业内容管理),RFID(射频识别),EDI(电子数据交换)。
  • 英文解释
    • “Dark Ages”: 1960s-1970s.
    • Era of Material Management: 1980-1985.
    • Era of Supply Chain Management: 1991-2020.
    • Development of technologies and systems over different periods:
      • EOQ (Economic Order Quantity), ROP (Reorder Point).
      • MRP (Material Requirements Planning), MRP II (Manufacturing Resource Planning), DRP (Distribution Requirements Planning), Fax.
      • JIT (Just In Time), QR (Quick Response), CPR (Continuous Replenishment), ECR (Efficient Consumer Response).
      • TOC (Theory of Constraints), VMI (Vendor Managed Inventory), ARP (Automated Replenishment Program), RF (Radio Frequency).
      • MES (Manufacturing Execution System), ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning), APS (Advanced Planning and Scheduling), XDM (Extended Data Management), CPFR (Collaborative Planning, Forecasting and Replenishment), CRM (Customer Relationship Management).
      • ERP II, ECM (Enterprise Content Management), RFID (Radio Frequency Identification), EDI (Electronic Data Interchange).
供应链IT框架
  • 中文解释
    • 供应链宏观过程:
      • 客户关系管理(CRM):企业与其在供应链下游的客户之间的过程。
        • 关键过程:营销、销售、订单管理、呼叫/服务中心。
      • 内部供应链管理(ISCM):包括规划和履行客户订单的所有过程。
        • ISCM过程:战略规划、需求规划、供应规划、履行、现场服务。
        • ISCM和CRM宏观过程之间必须有强有力的整合。
      • 供应商关系管理(SRM):专注于企业与上游供应商之间互动的过程。
        • 关键过程:设计协作、采购、谈判、购买、供应协作。
        • ISCM和SRM过程之间有天然的契合。
      • 加上:事务管理基础。
  • 英文解释
    • Supply Chain Macro Processes:
      • Customer Relationship Management (CRM): The processes that take place between an enterprise and its customers downstream in the supply chain.
        • Key processes: Marketing, Selling, Order management, Call/Service center.
      • Internal Supply Chain Management (ISCM): Includes all processes involved in planning for and fulfilling a customer order.
        • ISCM processes: Strategic Planning, Demand Planning, Supply Planning, Fulfillment, Field Service.
        • There must be strong integration between the ISCM and CRM macro processes.
      • Supplier Relationship Management (SRM): Those processes focused on the interaction between the enterprise and suppliers that are upstream in the supply chain.
        • Key processes: Design Collaboration, Source, Negotiate, Buy, Supply Collaboration.
        • There is a natural fit between ISCM and SRM processes.
      • Plus: Transaction Management Foundation.
信息与通信技术(ICT)在供应链中的未来
  • 中文解释
    • 在最高层次上,三个供应链管理宏观过程将继续推动企业软件的发展。
    • 专注于宏观过程的软件将在整个企业软件市场中占据更大份额,生产这些软件的公司将变得更成功。
    • 成功的关键在于功能性、跨宏观过程的整合能力及其生态系统的强度。
  • 英文解释
    • At the highest level, the three SCM macro processes will continue to drive the evolution of enterprise software.
    • Software focused on the macro processes will become a larger share of the total enterprise software market and the firms producing this software will become more successful.
    • Functionality, the ability to integrate across macro processes, and the strength of their ecosystems, will be keys to success.

第4章:客户履约策略

主要知识点
  1. 课程目标与学习成果

    • 学习目标
      • 讨论信息如何赋能客户,提高公司竞争门槛。
      • 解释客户如何定义价值以及公司如何交付价值。
      • 描述成本、质量、灵活性、交付和创新能力的竞争贡献。
      • 解释客户服务和满意度的性质及其与客户成功的区别。
      • 解释为何终端客户应成为整个供应链的焦点。
      • 根据战略重要性对客户进行细分,描述为不同客户提供所需服务水平所需的关系、系统和流程。
      • 讨论运营卓越在确保盈利客户关系中的作用。
  2. 供应链的目标

    • 最大化净值创造
      • 供应链剩余 = 客户价值 - 供应链成本。
      • 供应链的成功应通过总供应链剩余来衡量,而不是单个阶段的利润。
    • 终端客户
      • 终端客户是唯一的收入来源。
      • 成本来源包括信息流、产品流或资金流在供应链各阶段之间的流动。
  3. 信息赋能的客户

    • 客户赋能
      • 客户拥有广泛的产品和价格信息。
      • 渠道权力向供应链下游的终端消费者转移。
      • 这些现象结合在一起,创造了利用市场杠杆来要求更高服务水平和更低成本的客户。
    • 创造价值
      • 公司寻求开发独特的优势,并在消费者心中区分自己。
      • 客户在以下方面寻求价值:质量、成本、灵活性、交付、创新。
  4. 质量竞争

    • 质量包括设计和制造元素
      • 产品设计必须符合或超出客户期望。
      • 生产必须在制造过程中符合设计规范。
    • 质量管理
      • 管理控制超过80%的质量问题。
      • 最佳公司追求6σ水平质量(每百万次机会中有3.4个缺陷)。
  5. 成本竞争

    • 成本问题
      • 性能通过总着陆成本衡量,包括全球制造合理化、外包、缩减规模。
      • 成本推动战略决策,如增加市场份额、提高规模经济、改善盈利能力、投资未来能力。
  6. 灵活性竞争

    • 灵活性:适应新的、不同的或不断变化的需求的能力。
    • 灵活文化的要求:包括使周期时间成为优先事项、映射流程、交叉培训员工、设计快速周期能力的绩效衡量标准等。
  7. 交付竞争

    • 交付能力:通过协调的采购、运营、物流努力,实现快速可靠的交付。
  8. 创新竞争

    • 创新:创造新市场并改变行业标准。早期供应商参与(ESI)是创新战略的关键要素。
  9. 权衡与协同

    • 传统观念:管理者认为高质量固有昂贵,标准化和定制化在成本连续性的两端。
    • 当代观念:管理者现在寻求在客户价值的所有维度上实现协同效应。
  10. 客户满意

    • 客户满意度:基于产品或服务是否符合或超出客户的预期。
    • 客户满意度策略:需要客户的直接反馈,以调整措施、分配资源、采用新政策或实践。
  11. 客户成功策略

    • 客户成功:利用供应链知识帮助客户变得更具竞争力。
    • 客户成功策略的组成:包括清晰传达的目标、对下游需求的清晰理解、在客户重视的能力上的投资、为客户提供的培训、与客户共享的资源。
  12. 客户履约策略

    • 客户履约策略:旨在解决客户的实际需求,并通过整个供应链的信息共享和能力开发来满足这些需求。
    • 以客户为中心的履约策略:识别客户需求,进行客户细分,并开发满足不同客户群体需求的产品和系统。
供应链的目标
  • 供应链的目标
    • 中文定义:最大化净值创造。
    • 英文定义:Maximise net value generated.
    • 供应链剩余
      • 中文定义:客户价值减去供应链成本。
      • 英文定义:Supply Chain Surplus = Customer Value - Supply Chain Cost.
    • 供应链示例
      • 中文解释:例如,一个客户从亚马逊购买一个无线路由器,花费60英镑(收入)。
      • 英文解释:For example, a customer purchases a wireless router from Amazon for £60 (revenue).
      • 供应链产生的成本包括传递信息、生产组件、存储、运输、资金转移等。
      • The supply chain incurs costs (convey information, produce components, storage, transportation, transfer funds, etc.).
      • 60英镑与所有这些成本的总和之间的差额就是供应链利润。
      • The difference between £60 and the sum of all of these costs is the supply chain profit.
      • 供应链利润是供应链所有阶段共享的总利润。
      • The supply chain profit is the total profit to be shared across all stages of the supply chain.
      • 成功应通过总供应链剩余来衡量,而不是单个阶段的利润。
      • Success should be measured by total supply chain surplus, not profits at an individual stage.
    • 终端客户
      • 中文定义:终端客户是唯一的收入来源。
      • 英文定义:End Customer: the only source of revenue.
      • 成本来源包括信息流、产品流或资金流在供应链各阶段之间的流动。
      • Sources of cost include flows of information, products, or funds between stages of the supply chain.
      • 有效的供应链管理涉及管理供应链资产和产品、信息和资金流,以增加供应链的总剩余。
      • Effective supply chain management involves the management of supply chain assets and product, information, and fund flows to grow the total supply chain surplus.
信息赋能客户
  • 信息赋能客户
    • 中文解释:客户拥有广泛的产品和价格信息。
    • 英文解释:Customers are empowered with a broad range of product and pricing information.
    • 渠道权力向供应链下游的终端消费者转移。
    • Channel power is shifting down the supply chain toward the end consumer.
    • 这些现象结合在一起,创造了利用市场杠杆来要求更高服务水平和更低成本的客户。
    • Combined these phenomena have created customers that use market leverage to demand higher levels of service at lower cost.
价值创造
  • 价值创造
    • 中文解释:公司寻求开发独特的优势,并在消费者心中区分自己。
    • 英文解释:Companies seek to develop a distinctive advantage and differentiate themselves in the mind of the consumer.
    • 客户在以下方面寻求价值:质量、成本、灵活性、交付、创新。
    • Customers seek value in terms of: 1. Quality, 2. Cost, 3. Flexibility, 4. Delivery, 5. Innovation.
竞争策略
  • 质量竞争

    • 中文解释:质量包括设计和制造元素。产品设计必须符合或超出客户期望,生产必须在制造过程中符合设计规范。
    • 英文解释:Quality includes both design and manufacturing elements. The product must be designed to live up to or exceed customer expectations. Manufacturing must then conform to the design specifications during production.
    • 质量必须设计并内建于公司的产品和流程中。
    • Quality must be designed and built into the company’s products and processes.
    • 质量的八个维度
      • 中文解释:性能、特性、可靠性、符合性、耐久性、可维修性、美学、感知质量。
      • 英文解释:Eight Dimensions of Quality: Performance, Features, Reliability, Conformance, Durability, Serviceability, Aesthetics, Perceived quality.
  • 成本竞争

    • 中文解释:通过以下四种策略来实现成本竞争:生产率提高、采用先进的过程技术、在低成本国家设立工厂、从全球最有效的供应商处采购。
    • 英文解释:Four strategies are widely pursued to compete on cost: 1. Productivity enhancement, 2. Adoption of advanced process technology, 3. Locating facilities in countries with low-cost inputs, 4. Sourcing from the world’s most efficient suppliers.
  • 灵活性竞争

    • 中文解释:灵活性是适应新的、不同的或不断变化的需求的能力。灵活的组织运作周期短,能够响应特殊客户请求,并能迅速适应意外事件。
    • 英文解释:Flexibility is the capability to adapt to new, different, or changing requirements. Flexible organisations operate with short lead times, are responsive to special customer requests, and can adapt rapidly to unexpected events.
  • 交付竞争

    • 中文解释:交付竞争意味着持续按时按量交付。快速、可靠的交付需要缩短订单周期时间并消除变异性。
    • 英文解释:Competing on delivery means consistently delivering on-time and in the correct quantity. Fast, reliable delivery requires the reduction of order cycle time and the elimination of variability.
  • 创新竞争

    • 中文解释:创新创造新市场并改变行业标准。早期供应商参与(ESI)是创新策略的关键要素。
    • 英文解释:Innovation creates new markets and changes industry standards. Early Supplier Involvement (ESI) is a key element of innovation strategies.
客户满意度
  • 客户满意度
    • 中文解释:客户满意度基于产品或服务是否符合或超出客户的预期。满足客户的关键是了解他们的需求,以便开发独特的产品和服务。
    • 英文解释:Customer satisfaction is based on whether a good or service meets or exceeds the customer’s prior expectations. The key to satisfying customers is to understand their needs so that unique products and services can be developed.
    • 创建满意度应成为公司的文化和结构目标。
    • Creating satisfaction should be the goal of the company’s culture and structure.
客户服务策略
  • 客户服务策略
    • 中文解释:传统的客户服务策略侧重于内部服务水平和目标,而不考虑客户的反馈。
    • 英文解释:Traditional customer service focused on internal service levels and goals without feedback from customers.
    • 服务差距
      • 中文解释:没有反馈,很容易强调客户不重视的活动。
      • 英文解释:Without feedback, it is easy to emphasize activities the customer does not value.
    • 客户满意策略
      • 中文解释:客户满意策略需要直接来自客户的反馈。经理们通过客户的输入来对齐措施、分配资源和重新评估优先级。
      • 英文解释:Customer satisfaction strategies require direct input from customers. Customer input allows managers to align measures to customer expectations, allocate resources, and re-evaluate priorities.
客户成功策略
  • 客户成功策略
    • 中文解释:客户成功策略使用供应链知识帮助客户变得更具竞争力。
    • 英文解释:Customer success strategies use supply chain knowledge to help customers become more competitive.
    • 成功策略的组成
      • 中文解释:明确传达的目标、对下游需求的清晰理解、在客户重视的能力上的投资、为客户提供的培训、与客户共享的资源。
      • 英文解释:Success strategies consist of: 1. A clearly communicated goal to help customers succeed, 2. A clear understanding of downstream requirements, 3. Investment in customer-valued capabilities, 4. Training provided to customers, 5. Resources shared with customers.
终端客户
  • 终端客户
    • 中文定义:终端客户是唯一将资金投入供应链的实体,因此是所有活动的焦点。
    • 英文定义:The end customer is the only one who puts money into the supply chain and is therefore the focus of all activities.
    • 成功的公司共享信息,以帮助供应链关注终端客户。
    • Successful companies share information that helps the chain focus on the end customer.
客户履行策略
  • 客户履行策略
    • 中文定义:客户履行策略旨在解决以下问题:我们直接客户的实际需求是什么?我们客户的客户的实际需求是什么?我们供应链终端客户的实际需求是什么?
    • 英文定义:Customer fulfilment strategies seek to address: What are the real needs of our immediate customers? What are the real needs of our customers’ customers? What are the real needs of our supply chain’s end customers?
    • 需要共享的信息
      • 中文解释:为满足这些客户需求,必须在供应链上下共享哪些信息?
      • 英文解释:What information must be shared up and down the supply chain to meet these customer needs?
    • 需要开发的能力
      • 中文解释:为满足这些客户需求,必须在供应链上下开发哪些能力?
      • 英文解释:What capabilities must be developed up and down the supply chain to meet these customer needs?
    • 如何帮助其他供应链成员改进整体链的客户履行能力
      • 中文解释:我们如何帮助其他供应链成员改进整体链的客户履行能力?
      • 英文解释:How can we help other supply chain members improve the overall chain’s customer fulfilment capabilities?
客户细分与分析
  • 客户细分与分析
    • 以客户为中心的履行策略
      • 中文解释:并非所有客户都需要相同的服务水平。并非所有客户都是平等的,他们并不都值得获得相同的高水平服务。
      • 英文解释:Not all customers require the same service. Not all customers are equal and they do not all deserve the same high level of service.
    • 匹配策略与客户需求
      • 中文解释:为了有效地调整供应链服务水平,需要进行三种类型的分析:客户分析、供应链分析、能力分析。
      • 英文解释:Three types of analysis are needed to effectively tailor supply-chain service levels to specific customers: Customer Analysis, Supply Chain Analysis, Competency Analysis.
    • 客户分析
      • 中文解释:客户分析识别客户需求,帮助管理层对客户进行细分。客户细分是识别具有相似需求的独特客户群体,以便开发满足不同客户群体需求的产品和系统。
      • 英文解释:Customer analysis identifies customer needs, helping management to segment customers. Customer segmentation is the identification of unique groups of customers who possess similar needs, allowing the development of products and systems necessary to fulfil the needs of different customer groups.
    • 供应链分析
      • 中文解释:供应链分析识别终端客户需求,以及必须在链中存在的能力以满足这些需求。
      • 英文解释:Supply chain analysis identifies the end customer needs and the capabilities that must exist in the chain to meet those needs.
      • 客户成功因素是一级客户需要满足其下游客户需求的能力。
      • Customer success factors are the capabilities that first-tier customers need to satisfy their downstream customers.
    • 能力分析
      • 中文解释:核心能力是公司做得非常好的事情,以至于提供了竞争优势。
      • 英文解释:A core competency is something that the company does so well as to provide it a competitive advantage.
      • 两个问题可以帮助识别核心能力:我们因为什么而著称,使我们独特地优秀?我们比其他任何人做得更好的是什么?
      • Two questions can help to identify a core competence: What are we known for that makes us uniquely good? What do we do better than anyone else?
客户关系的类别
  • 客户细分

    • Pareto法则
      • 中文解释:关系强度可分类为:“A”类客户是有价值的,获得最高的服务。“B”类客户应谨慎管理。“C”类客户应公平高效地管理。
      • 英文解释:Relationship intensity can be categorized as follows: “A” customers are valued and received the highest service. “B” customers should be managed carefully. “C” customers should be managed fairly and efficiently.
  • 选择客户关系

    • 中文解释:一部分“A”类客户的需求是公司能很好地满足的。选择客户关系的特点包括:各层次之间的频繁沟通,包括市场营销、工程、物流和高级管理。
    • 英文解释:A select number of “A” customers whose needs the company is well-positioned to fulfil. Customer-of-choice relationships are characterized by frequent communication at many levels between the firms, including marketing, engineering, logistics, and senior management.
    • 形成跨组织团队解决问题或开展供应链项目,如新产品开发。
    • Inter-organisational teams are formed to solve problems or to work on SC initiatives such as new product development.
    • 信息系统链接以实现库存水平、订单状态和未来需求的实时信息交换。
    • Information systems are linked to enable real-time information exchange on inventory levels, order status, and future demand.
    • 履行过程设计成灵活的,以适应客户的特殊请求。
    • Fulfilment processes are designed for flexibility to accommodate customers' special requests.
    • 政策和程序支持满足意外需求或特殊请求的特别努力。
    • Policies and procedures support extraordinary efforts to meet unexpected needs or unusual requests.
  • 高度重视的关系

    • 中文解释:许多“A”类和大多数“B”类客户。高度重视的关系特征包括:积极寻求并利用客户输入以满足明确的期望。
    • 英文解释:Many “A” and most “B” customers. Highly valued relationships characteristics include actively seeking and utilizing customer input to meet expressed expectations.
    • 专门的客户账户团队。信息系统用于共享信息。政策和程序承认这些客户的重要性。
    • Dedicated customer account teams. Information systems are a way to share information. Policies and procedures acknowledge the importance of these customers.
    • 这一群体的成员往往成为明天的选择客户。
    • Members of this group often become tomorrow’s customers-of-choice.
  • 交易关系

    • 中文解释:由“C”类客户组成。收到的个人关注较少,领先的公司努力实现高水平的标准化服务。
    • 英文解释:Comprised of “C” customers. Receive little personal attention, leading companies strive for high levels of standardized service excellence.
    • 服务恢复用于在服务失败时重新获得客户的信任。随着数据捕捉技术的进步,“C”类客户将成为更定制服务的候选人。
    • Service recovery is used to regain confidence of customers when service failures occur. As data-capturing technology becomes better, “C” customers will become candidates for more tailored services.
  • 评估客户关系

    • 作业成本法
      • 中文解释:作业成本法将特定成本直接与产生这些成本的客户联系起来,可用于识别业务关系的盈利能力。
      • 英文解释:Activity-Based Costing, which ties specific costs directly to the customers that create them, can be used to identify the profitability of a business relationship.
    • 客户关系管理(CRM)软件
      • 中文解释:客户关系管理(CRM)软件可用于创建客户档案,捕捉购买习惯并确定客户盈利能力。
      • 英文解释:Customer Relationship Management (CRM) software can be used to create customer profiles that capture buying habits and determine customer profitability.
客户履行的障碍
  • 客户履行的障碍
    • 中文解释:公司可能会寻求提高服务水平,但将努力指向错误的活动。公司可能未能兑现其成为以客户服务为导向的承诺。
    • 英文解释:Companies may seek to improve service levels, but direct their efforts toward the wrong activities. Companies may fail to deliver on their promises to be customer-service oriented.
    • 访问信息导致一些公司向“价值较低”的客户提供低服务水平。
    • Access to information has lead some companies to provide low service levels to “less valuable” customers.
    • 客户识别的导致不满意的原因
      • 培训
        • 中文解释:培训 - 员工不知道他们的行为和表现如何影响客户的看法。
        • 英文解释:Training - employees do not know how their behaviour and performance affects customer perceptions.
      • 测量
        • 中文解释:测量 - 测量不强化对客户的适当态度和行为。
        • 英文解释:Measurement - measures do not reinforce appropriate attitudes and behaviour toward customers.
      • 授权
        • 中文解释:授权 - 员工没有权力解决问题和回应客户需求。
        • 英文解释:Empowerment - employees do not have authority to solve problems and respond to customer needs.
      • 政策
        • 中文解释:政策 - 政策和程序不灵活,通常与实际服务和满意度相抵触。
        • 英文解释:Policies - policies and procedures are inflexible and often run counter to real service and satisfaction.

客户履约策略

讨论信息如何使客户更具权力,提高了公司的竞争标准
  • 中文解释
    • 信息如何使客户更具权力:客户拥有广泛的产品和价格信息。
    • 渠道权力向供应链下游的终端消费者转移。
    • 这些现象结合在一起,创造了利用市场杠杆来要求更高服务水平和更低成本的客户。
  • 英文解释
    • How information empowers customers: Customers are empowered with a broad range of product and pricing information.
    • Channel power is shifting down the supply chain toward the end consumer.
    • Combined these phenomena have created customers that use market leverage to demand higher levels of service at lower cost.
解释客户如何定义价值及公司需要做什么来提供价值
  • 中文解释
    • 客户如何定义价值:客户在质量、成本、灵活性、交付和创新方面寻求价值。
    • 公司需要做什么来提供价值:公司应寻求开发独特的优势,并在消费者心中区分自己。
  • 英文解释
    • How customers define value: Customers seek value in terms of quality, cost, flexibility, delivery, and innovation.
    • What a company must do to deliver value: Companies should seek to develop a distinctive advantage and differentiate themselves in the mind of the consumer.
描述成本、质量、灵活性、交付和创新能力的竞争贡献
  • 中文解释
    • 成本:通过提高生产率、采用先进的过程技术、在低成本国家设立工厂、从全球最有效的供应商处采购来竞争。
    • 质量:包括设计和制造元素,产品设计必须符合或超出客户期望,生产必须在制造过程中符合设计规范。
    • 灵活性:适应新的、不同的或不断变化的需求的能力。
    • 交付:持续按时按量交付,快速、可靠的交付需要缩短订单周期时间并消除变异性。
    • 创新:创造新市场并改变行业标准,早期供应商参与(ESI)是创新策略的关键要素。
  • 英文解释
    • Cost: Compete on cost by enhancing productivity, adopting advanced process technology, locating facilities in low-cost countries, and sourcing from the world’s most efficient suppliers.
    • Quality: Includes both design and manufacturing elements. The product must be designed to live up to or exceed customer expectations, and manufacturing must conform to the design specifications during production.
    • Flexibility: The capability to adapt to new, different, or changing requirements.
    • Delivery: Consistently delivering on-time and in the correct quantity. Fast, reliable delivery requires the reduction of order cycle time and the elimination of variability.
    • Innovation: Creates new markets and changes industry standards. Early Supplier Involvement (ESI) is a key element of innovation strategies.
解释客户服务和满意度的性质及其与客户成功的区别
  • 中文解释
    • 客户服务:传统的客户服务策略侧重于内部服务水平和目标,而不考虑客户的反馈。
    • 客户满意度:基于产品或服务是否符合或超出客户的预期。满足客户的关键是了解他们的需求,以便开发独特的产品和服务。
    • 客户成功:利用供应链知识帮助客户变得更具竞争力。
  • 英文解释
    • Customer Service: Traditional customer service focused on internal service levels and goals without feedback from customers.
    • Customer Satisfaction: Based on whether a good or service meets or exceeds the customer’s prior expectations. The key to satisfying customers is to understand their needs so that unique products and services can be developed.
    • Customer Success: Uses supply chain knowledge to help customers become more competitive.
解释终端客户为何应成为整个供应链的焦点
  • 中文解释
    • 终端客户是唯一将资金投入供应链的实体,因此是所有活动的焦点。
    • 成功的公司共享信息,以帮助供应链关注终端客户。
  • 英文解释
    • The end customer is the only one who puts money into the supply chain and is therefore the focus of all activities.
    • Successful companies share information that helps the chain focus on the end customer.
将客户按战略重要性进行细分,描述提供所需服务水平的关系、系统和流程
  • 中文解释
    • 客户细分是识别具有相似需求的独特客户群体,以便开发满足不同客户群体需求的产品和系统。
    • 匹配策略与客户需求:为了有效地调整供应链服务水平,需要进行三种类型的分析:客户分析、供应链分析、能力分析。
    • 客户分析:识别客户需求,帮助管理层对客户进行细分。
    • 供应链分析:识别终端客户需求,以及必须在链中存在的能力以满足这些需求。
    • 能力分析:核心能力是公司做得非常好的事情,以至于提供了竞争优势。
  • 英文解释
    • Customer segmentation is the identification of unique groups of customers who possess similar needs, allowing the development of products and systems necessary to fulfil the needs of different customer groups.
    • Matching strategy to customer needs: Three types of analysis are needed to effectively tailor supply-chain service levels to specific customers: Customer Analysis, Supply Chain Analysis, Competency Analysis.
    • Customer Analysis: Identifies customer needs, helping management to segment customers.
    • Supply Chain Analysis: Identifies the end customer needs and the capabilities that must exist in the chain to meet those needs.
    • Competency Analysis: A core competency is something that the company does so well as to provide it a competitive advantage.
讨论运营卓越在确保盈利客户关系中的作用
  • 中文解释
    • 运营卓越在确保盈利客户关系中的作用:卓越的运营可以通过提高效率、降低成本和提高服务质量,帮助公司建立和维护盈利的客户关系。
    • 通过提供卓越的客户服务,公司可以增加客户满意度和忠诚度,从而实现更高的盈利。
  • 英文解释
    • The role of operational excellence in ensuring profitable customer relationships: Operational excellence helps companies build and maintain profitable customer relationships by improving efficiency, reducing costs, and enhancing service quality.
    • By providing excellent customer service, companies can increase customer satisfaction and loyalty, leading to higher profitability.

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