string容器

1.本质：string是C++风格的字符串，而string本质上是一个类

        string和char*的区别

        char*是一个指针

        string是一个类，类内部封装了char*，管理这个字符串，是一个char*型的容器

特点：

string类内部封装了很多的成员方法

例如：查找find，拷贝copy，删除delete，替换replace，插入insert

string管理char*所分配的内存，不用担心复制越界和取值越界等，由类内部进行负责

2.string构造函数

构造函数原型：

void test01()
{
	string str1;//默认构造

	const char* str = "hello,word";
	string str2(str);
	cout << "str2=" << str2 << endl;

	string str3(str2);//拷贝
	cout<< "str3=" << str3 << endl;

	string str4(10, 'a');//赋值10个a
	cout << "str4=" << str4 << endl;
}

 3.string赋值操作

void test01()
{
	//1
	string str1;
	str1 = "hellow,world";
	cout << "str1=" << str1 << endl;
	//2
	string str2 = str1;
	cout << "str2=" << str2 << endl;
	//3
	string str3;
	str3 = 'c';
	cout << "str3=" << str3 << endl;
	//4
	string str4;
	str4.assign("hellow,C++");
	cout << "str4=" << str4 << endl;
	//5
	string str5;
	str5.assign("hellow,C++", 5);
	cout << "str5=" << str5 << endl;
	//6
	string str6;
	str6.assign(str5);
	cout << "str6=" << str6 << endl;
	//7
	string str7;
	str7.assign(10,'w');//赋值10个w
	cout << "str7=" << str7 << endl;

}

常用的是operator=

4.字符串拼接

void test01()
{
	//字符串拼接
	//1
	string str1 = "我";
	str1 += "爱玩游戏:";
	cout << "str1=" << str1 << endl;
	//2
	str1 += 'c';
	cout << "str1=" << str1 << endl;
	//3
	string str2 = "LOL,火影忍者手游";
	str1 += str2;
	cout << "str1=" << str1 << endl;
	//4
	string str3 = "我";
	str3.append("爱玩游戏");
	cout << "str3=" << str3 << endl;
	//5
	str3.append("火影忍者手游,LOL", 4);//输出为我爱玩游戏：火影
	//一个汉字相当于两个字符占2字节
	cout << "str3=" << str3 << endl;
	//6
	str3.append(str2);
	cout << "str3=" << str3 << endl;
	//7
	str3.append(str2,4, 8);//从str2中的下标为4开始截取，截取8个字符拼接到str3上
	cout << "str3=" << str3 << endl;
}

5.string的查找和替换

void test01()//查找
{
	string str1 = "abcdefcdg";
	int pos = str1.find("cd");//未找到返回-1，找到返回下标
	if (pos == -1)
	{
		cout << "未找到该字符串" << endl;
	}
	else
	{
		cout << "找到字符串,下标pos=" << pos << endl;
	}
	//rfind//从右查找
	int rpos = str1.rfind("cd");
	if (pos == -1)
	{
		cout << "未找到该字符串" << endl;
	}
	else
	{
		cout << "找到字符串,下标rpos=" << rpos << endl;
	}
}
void test02()//替换
{
	string str1 = "abcdef";
	str1.replace(1, 3, "121212121");//从下标为1的位置开始替换，将3个字符替换为121212121
	cout << "str1=" << str1 << endl;
}

6.字符串的比较：逐一比较ASCII码值的大小(主要比较两字符串相等)

str.compare(str2)

等于返回0

大于返回1

小于返回-1

void test01()
{
	//字符串比较
	string str1 = "hello";
	string str2 = "hello";
	if (str1.compare(str2)==0)//逐一比较ASCII码值的大小
	{
		cout << "str1==str2" << endl;
	}
	else if (str1.compare(str2) > 0)
	{
		cout << "str1>str2" << endl;
	}
	else
	{
		cout << "str1<str2" << endl;
	}
}

7.string字符存取（单个字符的读和写）

void test01()
{
	//字符串比较
	string str1 = "hello";
	cout << "str1=" << str1 << endl;
	//1通过[]访问单个字符
	for (int i = 0; i < str1.size(); i++)
	{
		cout << str1[i] <<" ";
	}
	cout << endl;
	//2通过at方式访问单个字符
	for (int i = 0; i < str1.size(); i++)
	{
		cout << str1.at(i) << " ";
	}
	cout << endl;
	//修改
	str1[0] = 'a';
	cout << "str1=" << str1 << endl;
	str1.at(0) = 'b';
	cout << "str1=" << str1 << endl;
}

8.string插入和删除

void test01()
{
	string str1 = "abcde";
	//插入
	str1.insert(1, "111");
	cout << "str1=" << str1 << endl;;//a111bcde
	//删除
	str1.erase(1, 2);//第几个位置，删除几个字符
	cout << "str1=" << str1 << endl;;//a1bcde
}

9.string字串

从字符串中获取想要的子串

void test01()
{
	string str1 = "abcde";
	string substr = str1.substr(1, 3);//从哪个位置起，截取多少个
	cout << "substr=" << substr << endl;
}
void test02()//使用操作
{
	string str = "zhangsan@sina.com";
	int pos = str.find("@");//返回8
	string username = str.substr(0, pos);
	cout << username << endl;
}