基本数据类型:
常见的内置函数:
1. `len()`:计算对象(字符串、列表、元组等)的长度。
```python
s = "hello"
print(len(s)) # 输出:5
```
2. `type()`:获取对象的类型。
```python
x = 123
print(type(x)) # 输出:<class 'int'>
```
3. `str()`:将对象转换为字符串。
```python
num = 123
print(str(num)) # 输出:"123"
```
4. `int()`:将对象转换为整数。
```python
s = "123"
print(int(s)) # 输出:123
```
5. `float()`:将对象转换为浮点数。
```python
s = "123.45"
print(float(s)) # 输出:123.45
```
6. `list()`:将对象转换为列表。
```python
t = (1, 2, 3)
print(list(t)) # 输出:[1, 2, 3]
```
7. `tuple()`:将对象转换为元组。
```python
l = [1, 2, 3]
print(tuple(l)) # 输出:(1, 2, 3)
```
8. `dict()`:将对象转换为字典。
```python
l = [("a", 1), ("b", 2)]
print(dict(l)) # 输出:{'a': 1, 'b': 2}
```
9. `max()`:返回最大值。
```python
l = [1, 2, 3]
print(max(l)) # 输出:3
```
10. `min()`:返回最小值。
```python
l = [1, 2, 3]
print(min(l)) # 输出:1
```
11. `sum()`:求和。
```python
l = [1, 2, 3]
print(sum(l)) # 输出:6
```
12. `sorted()`:排序。
```python
l = [3, 1, 2]
print(sorted(l)) # 输出:[1, 2, 3]
```
注释:
数据转换:
1. 整数转浮点数:
```python
num = 5
float_num = float(num)
print(float_num) # 输出:5.0
```
2. 浮点数转整数:
```python
num = 3.14
int_num = int(num)
print(int_num) # 输出:3
```
3. 整数转字符串:
```python
num = 42
str_num = str(num)
print(str_num) # 输出:"42"
```
4. 字符串转整数:
```python
str_num = "123"
num = int(str_num)
print(num) # 输出:123
```
5. 字符串转浮点数:
```python
str_num = "3.14"
num = float(str_num)
print(num) # 输出:3.14
```
进制转换:
1. `bin()`:将整数转换为二进制字符串。
```python
num = 10
binary_str = bin(num)
print(binary_str) # 输出:'0b1010'
```
2. `oct()`:将整数转换为八进制字符串。
```python
num = 10
octal_str = oct(num)
print(octal_str) # 输出:'0o12'
```
3. `hex()`:将整数转换为十六进制字符串。
```python
num = 10
hexadecimal_str = hex(num)
print(hexadecimal_str) # 输出:'0xa'
```
运算符:
# 算术运算符
a = 10
b = 20
print("a + b =", a + b) # 加法
print("a - b =", a - b) # 减法
print("a * b =", a * b) # 乘法
print("a / b =", a / b) # 除法
# 比较运算符
print("a == b:", a == b) # 等于
print("a != b:", a != b) # 不等于
print("a > b:", a > b) # 大于
print("a < b:", a < b) # 小于
# 赋值运算符
c = a + b
print("c =", c)
# 逻辑运算符
x = True
y = False
print("x and y:", x and y) # 与
print("x or y:", x or y) # 或
print("not x:", not x) # 非
# 位运算符
m = 5 # 二进制表示为 0101
n = 3 # 二进制表示为 0011
print("m & n:", m & n) # 按位与
print("m | n:", m | n) # 按位或
print("m ^ n:", m ^ n) # 按位异或
# 成员运算符
s = "hello"
print("'e' in s:", 'e' in s) # 在字符串中
print("'z' not in s:", 'z' not in s) # 不在字符串中
# 身份运算符
p = [1, 2, 3]
q = [1, 2, 3]
r = p
print("p is q:", p is q) # 不是同一个对象
print("p is r:", p is r) # 是同一个对象