process state and transition进程状态和转换

process state and transition

Process State

• As a process executes, it changes state
  • New:  The process is being created
  • Running:  Instructions are being executed
  • Waiting:  The process is waiting for some event to occur
  • Ready:  The process is waiting to be assigned to a processor
  • Terminated:  The process has finished execution

Waiting：  进程正在等待某些事件发生

Ready:：  进程正在等待分配给处理器

Terminated：已终止：  进程已执行完毕

Process Scheduling

• Process scheduler selects among available processes for next execution on CPU core
• Goal -- Maximize CPU use, quickly switch processes onto CPU core
• Maintains scheduling queues of processes
  • Ready queue – set of all processes residing in main memory, ready and waiting to execute
  • Wait queues – set of processes waiting for an event (i.e., I/O)
  • Processes migrate among the various queues

进程调度程序从可用进程中选择下一个在 CPU 内核上执行的进程

目标 -- 最大限度地利用 CPU，快速将进程切换到 CPU 内核上

维护进程调度队列

就绪队列--驻留在主内存中、准备就绪并等待执行的所有进程的集合

等待队列--等待事件（如 I/O）的进程集

进程在不同队列间迁移

  

CPU Switch From Process to Process

• Information associated with each process (also called task control block)

与每个进程相关的信息（也称为任务控制块）

Context Switch

• When CPU switches to another process, the system must save the state of the old process and load the saved state for the new process via a context switch
• Context of a process represented in the PCB
• Context-switch time is pure overhead; the system does no useful work while switching
  • The more complex the OS and the PCB è the longer the context switch
• Time dependent on hardware support
  • Some hardware provides multiple sets of registers per CPU è multiple contexts loaded at once

当 CPU 切换到另一个进程时，系统必须保存旧进程的状态，并通过上下文切换为新进程加载保存的状态

PCB 中表示的进程上下文

上下文切换时间纯属开销；切换时系统不做任何有用的工作

操作系统和 PCB  越复杂，上下文切换的时间就越长

时间取决于硬件支持

某些硬件为每个 CPU 提供多组寄存器  同时加载多个上下文