数据结构、算法与应用 C++语言描述（第二版）第一章11-20

11题：

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
template<class T>
int count(T *arr, int n, const T &value)
{
	//抛出异常
	if (n < 1)
		throw "The second parameter should be >= 1";
	int num = 0;
	for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
	{
		if (arr[i] == value)
			++num;
	}
	return num;
}
void main()
{
	int arr[10] = { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 };
	const int value = 0;
	int n = 0;
	//检测异常，并报错
	try{ cout << count(arr, n, value) << endl; }
	catch (char* e)
	{
		cout << "The second parameters to count was " << n << endl;
		cout << "An exception has been thrown\n";
		cout << e << endl;
	}
	system("pause");
}

12题：将列长改为用列数组元素指定即可

void make2dArray(T ** &x, int numbersOfRows, int * &rowSize)
{//创建一个二维数组
	//创建行指针
	lens = sizeof(rowSize) / sizeof(rowSize[0]);
	x = new T* [numbersOfRows];
	for (int i = 0; i < lens; i++)
		x[i] = new T[rowSize[i]];
}

13题：

template<class T>
void changeLength1D(T*& a, int oldLength, int newLength)
{
	if (newLength < 0)
		throw illegalParameterValue("new length must be >= 0");

	T* temp = new T[newLength];              // 新数组
	int number = min(oldLength, newLength);  // 要拷贝的元素数量
	for (int i = 0; i < number; i++)
		temp[i] = a[i];
	delete[] a;                             // 释放原空间
	a = temp;
}

14题：二维数组可看作两个一维数组的嵌套

#include<algorithm>
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
template<class Ta>
void changeLength1D(Ta *& a, int oldLength, int newLength)
{
	if (newLength < 0)
		throw illegalParameterValue("new length must be >= 0");

	T* temp = new T[newLength];              // new array
	int number = min(oldLength, newLength);  // number to copy
	for (int i = 0; i < number; i++)
		temp[i] = a[i];
	delete[] a;                             // deallocate old memory
	a = temp;
}
template<class Tb>
void changeLength2D(Tb **& b, int old_numbers_of_cows, int old_numbers_of_columns, int new_numbers_of_cows, int new_numbers_of_columns)
{
	changeLength1D(b, old_numbers_of_cows, new_numbers_of_cows);
	int num = min(old_numbers_of_cows, new_numbers_of_cows);
	for (int i = 0; i < num;i++)
		changeLength1D(b[i], old_numbers_of_columns, new_numbers_of_columns);
}

15题：
1）因为题设无符号长整形、无符号整形都占用4字节，那么，对美元来说，最大值为2^32-1，而美分最大只能为99。因此，表示金额的最大值为：2^32-1美元99美分，最小值为：最大值的负数。
2）整形的表示范围为(-2^31, 2^31-1)，因此能表示的最大金额为：2^31-1美元99美分，最小金额为：-(2^31美元99美分)。
3）为了确保不发生错误，a1, a2最大可能值不能超过2^31-1。

16题：subtract(x)函数，返回了调用对象的引用，以作演示

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class currency
{
public:
	enum signType{ plus, minus };
	//构造函数
	currency(signType theSign=plus,unsigned long theDollars=0, unsigned int theCents=0)
	{
		sign = theSign;
		dollars = theDollars;
		cents = theCents;
	}
	//析构函数
	~currency(){}
	void setValue(signType, unsigned long, unsigned int);
	void setValue(double theAmount);    //转换函数，从单个值分解
	double amount();    //转换函数，将分解值化为单个值
	void show();    //输出函数
	void input();    //手动输入参数
	currency &subtract(currency &x);   //从调用对象中减去参数对象x的值 
	currency percent(double x);    //返回调用对象的x%
	currency multiply(double x);    //返回调用对象的x倍
	currency divide(double x);    //返回调用对象的1/x倍
private:
	signType sign;
	unsigned long dollars;
	unsigned int cents;
};
void currency::setValue(double theAmount)
{
	if (theAmount < 0){ sign = minus; theAmount = -theAmount; }
	else sign = plus;
	dollars = (unsigned long)theAmount;                             //提取整数部分
	cents = (unsigned int)((theAmount + 0.001 - dollars) * 100);    //提取两位小数（防止编译器小数表示问题）
}
double currency::amount()
{
	double theAmount = dollars + double(cents)/100;
	if (sign == minus){ theAmount = -theAmount; }
	return theAmount;
}
void currency::show()
{
	if (sign == minus) { cout << "-"; }
	cout << dollars << ".";
	if (cents < 10) { cout << "0"; }
	cout << cents << endl;
}
void currency::input()    //提示输入
{
	double theAmount;
	cout << "Please input your money: ";
	cin >> theAmount;
	setValue(theAmount);
}
currency &currency::subtract(currency &x)    //从调用对象中减去参数对象x的值
{
	setValue(this->amount() - x.amount());
	return *this;
}
currency currency::percent(double x)    //返回调用对象的x%
{
	currency newCurrency;
	newCurrency.setValue(this->amount()*x / 100);
	return newCurrency;
}
currency currency::multiply(double x)    //返回调用对象的x倍
{
	currency newCurrency;
	newCurrency.setValue(this->amount() * x);
	return newCurrency;
}
currency currency::divide(double x)    //返回调用对象的1/x倍
{
	currency newCurrency;
	newCurrency.setValue(this->amount() / x);
	return newCurrency;
}
void main()
{
	double x=10;
	cout << "初始a和b为: " << endl;
	currency a, b;
	a.show(); 
	a.input();   
	cout << "手动输入参数后a变为：" << endl;
	a.show();   
	cout << "a的10%为:" << endl;
	b = a.percent(x);
	b.show();   
	cout << "a的10倍为:" << endl;
	b = a.multiply(x);
	b.show();
	cout << "a除以10为:" << endl;
	b = a.divide(x);
	b.show();
	cout << "\n此时的a为：" << endl;
	a.show();
	cout << "此时的b为：" << endl;
	b.show();
	cout << "从a里减去b，a变为：" << endl;
	a.subtract(b);
	a.show();
	system("pause");
}

17题：

void input()
{
	// input the amount as a double
	cout << "Enter the currency amount as a real number" << endl;
	double theValue;
	cin >> theValue;

	// set the value
	setValue(theValue);
}

currency subtract(const currency& x)
{// Return *this - x.
	currency result;
	result.amount = amount - x.amount;
	return result;
}

currency percent(double x)
{// Return x percent of *this.
	currency result;
	result.amount = (long)(amount * x / 100);
	return result;
}

currency multiply(double x)
{// Return this * x.
	currency result;
	result.amount = (long)(amount * x);
	return result;
}

currency divide(double x)
{// Return this / x.
	currency result;
	result.amount = (long)(amount / x);
	return result;
}

18题：1）：

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class currency
{
	friend istream &operator>>(istream &, currency &);
public:
	enum signType{ plus, minus };
	//构造函数
	currency(signType theSign = plus, unsigned long theDollars = 0, unsigned int theCents = 0)
	{
		amount = theDollars * 100 + theCents;
		if (amount < 0) amount = -amount;
	}
	//析构函数
	~currency(){}
	void setValue(double theAmount);    //设置值
	currency operator-(const currency &x);
	currency operator%(double x);
	currency operator*(double x);
	currency operator/(double x);
private:
	long amount;    
};
void currency::setValue(double theAmount)
{//考虑到机器表示小数的规则问题，此时我们取前两位小数
	if (theAmount < 0)
		amount = (long)((theAmount - 0.001) * 100);
	else
		amount = (long)((theAmount + 0.001) * 100);
}
istream &operator>>(istream &is,currency &x)
{//输入
	is >> x.amount;
	return is;
}
currency currency::operator-(const currency &x)
{//返回调用对象与参数对象的差值
	currency result;
	result.amount = amount - x.amount;
	return result;
}
currency currency::operator%(double x)
{//返回对象的x%
	currency result;
	result.amount = amount * x / 100;
	return result;
}
currency currency::operator*(double x)
{//返回对象的x倍
	currency result;
	result.amount = amount * x;
	return result;
}
currency currency::operator/(double x)
{//返回对象的1/x倍
	currency result;
	result.amount = amount / x;
	return result;
}

18题：2）：将setValue(signType theSign, unsigned long theDollars, unsigned int theCents)函数换成operator=(int x)

currency &currency::operator=(int x)
{
	amount = x;
	return *this;
}

将setValue(double x)函数换成operator=(double x)

currency &currency::operator=(double x)
{
	if (x < 0)
		amount = (long)((x - 0.001) * 100);
	else
		amount = (long)((x + 0.001) * 100);
	return *this;
}

19题：这个比较简单，用最普通的方法就好

int factorial (int n)
{// Return n!.
   if (n <= 1)
      return 1;
   int fact = 2;
   for (int i = 3; i <= n; i++)
      fact *= i;
   return fact;
}

20题：1）：

int Fibonacci(int n)
{
	if (n <= 0)
		return 0;
	if (n == 1)
		return 1;
	else
		return Fibonacci(n - 1) + Fibonacci(n - 2);	
}

2）：考虑计算次数

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
static int num = 0;
int Fibonacci(int n)
{
	num++;
	if (n <= 0)
		return 0;
	if (n == 1)
		return 1;
	else
		return Fibonacci(n - 1) + Fibonacci(n - 2);	
}
void main()
{ //检查函数值和调用次数
	cout << Fibonacci(3) << ends;
	cout << num << endl;
	system("pause");
}

3）本题考虑了循环，也可以用斐波那契数列的通项公式（如果能记住的话）：

int Fibonacci(int n)
{
	int c, a = 1, b = 0;
	if (n <= 0)
		return b;
	if (n == 1)
		return a;
	else
		for (int i = 2; i <= n;i++)
			{
				c = a;    //保存分支a的值
				a += b;    //计算当前的a,b分支之和
				b = c;    //更新分支b
			}
	return a;
}