R语言可视化作图笔记（6.1）动画

动画

散点图

数据Oilcoal包含了8个国家从1965年到2009年的煤炭与石油消耗量（百万吨），除了美国和中国的Marker.size为1，其他国家的为0.5

head(Oilcoal)
#  Country Year     Coal     Oil Marker.size Oil_proportion
#1      US 1965 291.8264 548.933           1      0.6529014
#2      US 1966 306.0005 575.664           1      0.6529287
#3      US 1967 300.2215 595.761           1      0.6649248
#4      US 1968 310.7278 635.452           1      0.6715975
#5      US 1969 312.0096 667.791           1      0.6815581
#6      US 1970 309.0609 694.590           1      0.6920633

在plot_ly里添加帧数frame，完成动画

library(plotly)

pal <- c("red", "blue", "darkgreen", "black", 
         "yellow", "purple", "pink", "orange")
Oilcoal %>%
  plot_ly(
    x = ~Coal, y = ~Oil, 
    size = ~Marker.size, 
    color = ~Country, 
    colors = pal,
    frame = ~Year,  # 帧数为年份
    text = ~Country, 
    hoverinfo = "text",
    type = 'scatter',
    mode = 'markers'
  ) 

Year = 1993

添加mode=line，去除frame，用线图表示路径

plot_ly(Oilcoal, x=~Coal, y=~Oil,
        type = 'scatter', mode= "lines",  
        split =~Country, color = ~Country, colors = pal) %>%
  layout(title = "Tracking path from 1965 to 2009")

柱状图

关于各国Oil在总资源消耗中的比例，画柱状图动画。由于plotly中并没有柱状图动画，我们可以用以下方法“曲线救国”：

• 生成一个新的data.frame使得每个国家每年多一个观察量，设需显示的值为0

Oilcoal2 <- Oilcoal[rep(row.names(Oilcoal),2), ]
for (i in 361:720) {
   Oilcoal2$Oil_proportion[i] <- 0    
}
Oilcoal2 <- Oilcoal2[order(Oilcoal2$Year, Oilcoal2$Country),]

head(Oilcoal2)
#      Country Year    Coal    Oil Marker.size Oil_proportion
#46     Brazil 1965   1.735 14.878         0.5     0.89556372
#46.1   Brazil 1965   1.735 14.878         0.5     0.00000000
#226     China 1965 165.633 10.960         1.0     0.06206362
#226.1   China 1965 165.633 10.960         1.0     0.00000000
#91     France 1965  45.055 53.887         0.5     0.54463221
#91.1   France 1965  45.055 53.887         0.5     0.00000000

• 各国每年都有两个值，0和实际值，用线图将所有的这两点连起来就好了【机智的不行】

p <- Oilcoal2 %>%
  plot_ly(
    x = ~Country, y = ~Oil_proportion, 
    size = ~Marker.size, 
    color = ~Country, 
    colors = pal,
    frame = ~Year, 
    text = ~Country, 
    hoverinfo = "text",
    type = 'scatter',
    mode = "lines",
    showlegend = F
  )
  p

Year = 1993

p %>% animation_opts(easing = "elastic", redraw = F)

添加动画效果elastic（弹性），动画会更加好玩（Q弹），但是这也是有缺点的，例如细微的变化会被直接忽略掉，过大的变化会更加夸张。由于静图长得都一样，就不放图了，大家自己试一试吧

Guided 2D-Tour

可能翻译为二维导览图吧。这是一个很“神奇”的图，相当于用一束光从不同角度将一个高维空间印在了纸上。为了方便显示，这里用印度，中国，巴西三国（维度为3）不同年份的Coal消耗量作点。以下代码是老师给的，有点长，但很长知识

数据处理

library(tourr)
library(plotly)

index <- as.character(Oilcoal$Country) %in% c("India","China","Brazil")
Oilcoal2 <-  dcast(Oilcoal[index,], Year~Country, value.var = "Coal")
Oilcoal2 <- as.matrix(Oilcoal2)
rownames(Oilcoal2) <- Oilcoal2[,"Year"]
mat <- scale(Oilcoal2[,-1])
head(mat)

#      Brazil  China India
# 1965  -1.51 -1.055 -1.09
# 1966  -1.47 -1.013 -1.09
# 1967  -1.46 -1.168 -1.08
# 1968  -1.46 -1.053 -1.06
# 1969  -1.41 -1.022 -1.02
# 1970  -1.35 -0.967 -1.05

作图

 #设置步进
tour<- new_tour(mat, guided_tour(cmass), NULL)
steps <- c(0, rep(1/25, 180))   
stepz <- cumsum(steps)        
Projs<-lapply(steps, function(step_size){  
  step <- tour(step_size)
  if(is.null(step)) {
    .GlobalEnv$tour<- new_tour(mat, guided_tour(cmass), NULL)
    step <- tour(step_size)
  }
  step
})

# 对每一个观察量进行投影
tour_dat <- function(i) {
  step <- Projs[[i]]
  proj <- center(mat %*% step$proj)
  data.frame(x = proj[,1], y = proj[,2], state = rownames(mat))
}
# 数据点赋值
tour_dats <- lapply(1:length(steps), tour_dat)
tour_datz <- Map(function(x, y) cbind(x, step = y), tour_dats, stepz)
tour_dat <- dplyr::bind_rows(tour_datz)

# 对每一个坐标轴进行投影
proj_dat <- function(i) {
  step <- Projs[[i]]
  data.frame(x = step$proj[,1], y = step$proj[,2], variable = colnames(mat))
}
# 坐标轴赋值
proj_dats <- lapply(1:length(steps), proj_dat)
proj_datz <- Map(function(x, y) cbind(x, step = y), proj_dats, stepz)
proj_dat <- dplyr::bind_rows(proj_datz)

# 变换的坐标
ax <- list(
  title = "", showticklabels = FALSE,
  zeroline = FALSE, showgrid = FALSE,
  range = c(-1.1, 1.1)
)

# 设置滑块属性
options(digits = 3)
tour_dat <- highlight_key(tour_dat, ~state, group = "A")

# 作图
tour <- proj_dat %>%
  plot_ly(x = ~x, y = ~y, frame = ~step) %>%
  add_segments(xend = 0, yend = 0, color = I("gray80")) %>%
  add_text(text = ~variable) %>%
  add_markers(data = tour_dat, text = ~state, 
              ids = ~state, hoverinfo = "text") %>%
  layout(xaxis = ax, yaxis = ax, showlegend = F)

tour

【说实话，虽然这个图很酷，无论是代码意义上，还是想法上，但真的很不好看呢，比如此图不是preattentive的】