从一个简单的使用TCP例子开始socket编程,其基本步骤如下:
server client
+++++++ ++++++++
创建socket 创建socket
+++++++ ++++++++
| |
| |
| |
+++++++ ++++++++
地址赋值( 地址赋值(
自己的地址) 服务器地址)
+++++++ ++++++++
| |
| |
| |
++++++++ |
用bind绑定 |
socket和地址 |
++++++++ |
| |
| |
| |
+++++++ |
listen |
+++++++ |
| ++++++++++
| <------------------------------ connect 服务器
| ++++++++++
+++++++ |
accept |
+++++++ |
| |
| +++++++++
| recv 和send
| 进行数据处理
| +++++++++
+++++++++ |
用accept得到 |
的socket进行 |
recv 和 send |
+++++++++ |
| |
| |
| |
+++++++++ +++++++++
close socket close socket
+++++++++ +++++++++
根据以上步骤,服务器端的代码为
- #include <stdio.h>
- #include <string.h>
- #include <sys/socket.h>
- #include <netinet/in.h>
- #include <stdlib.h>
- #include <syslog.h>
- #include <errno.h>
- #define MAX_LISTEN_NUM 5
- #define SEND_BUF_SIZE 100
- #define RECV_BUF_SIZE 100
- #define LISTEN_PORT 1010
- int main()
- {
- int listen_sock = 0;
- int app_sock = 0;
- struct sockaddr_in hostaddr;
- struct sockaddr_in clientaddr;
- int socklen = sizeof(clientaddr);
- char sendbuf[SEND_BUF_SIZE] = {0};
- char recvbuf[RECV_BUF_SIZE] = {0};
- int sendlen = 0;
- int recvlen = 0;
- int retlen = 0;
- int leftlen = 0;
- char *ptr = NULL;
- memset((void *)&hostaddr, 0, sizeof(hostaddr));
- memset((void *)&clientaddr, 0, sizeof(clientaddr));
- hostaddr.sin_family = AF_INET;
- hostaddr.sin_port = htons(LISTEN_PORT);
- hostaddr.sin_addr.s_addr = htonl(INADDR_ANY);
- listen_sock = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
- if(listen_sock < 0)
- {
- syslog(LOG_ERR, "%s:%d, create socket failed", __FILE__, __LINE__);
- exit(1);
- }
- if(bind(listen_sock, (struct sockaddr *)&hostaddr, sizeof(hostaddr)) < 0)
- {
- syslog(LOG_ERR, "%s:%d, bind socket failed", __FILE__, __LINE__);
- exit(1);
- }
- if(listen(listen_sock, MAX_LISTEN_NUM) < 0)
- {
- syslog(LOG_ERR, "%s:%d, listen failed", __FILE__, __LINE__);
- exit(1);
- }
- while(1)
- {
- app_sock = accept(listen_sock, (struct sockaddr *)&clientaddr, &socklen);
- if(app_sock < 0)
- {
- syslog(LOG_ERR, "%s:%d, accept failed", __FILE__, __LINE__);
- exit(1);
- }
- sprintf(sendbuf, "welcome %s:%d here!/n", inet_ntoa(clientaddr.sin_addr.s_addr), clientaddr.sin_port);
- //send data
- sendlen = strlen(sendbuf) +1;
- retlen = 0;
- leftlen = sendlen;
- ptr = sendbuf;
- //while(leftlen)
- {
- retlen = send(app_sock, ptr, sendlen, 0);
- if(retlen < 0)
- {
- if(errno == EINTR)
- retlen = 0;
- else
- exit(1);
- }
- leftlen -= retlen;
- ptr += retlen;
- }
- //receive data
- recvlen = 0;
- retlen = 0;
- ptr = recvbuf;
- leftlen = RECV_BUF_SIZE -1;
- //do
- {
- retlen = recv(app_sock, ptr, leftlen, 0) ;
- if(retlen < 0)
- {
- if(errno == EINTR)
- retlen = 0;
- else
- exit(1);
- }
- recvlen += retlen;
- leftlen -= retlen;
- ptr += retlen;
- }
- //while(recvlen && leftlen);
- printf("receive data is : %s", recvbuf);
- close(app_sock);
- }
- close(listen_sock);
- return 0;
- }
客户端代码为:
- #include <stdio.h>
- #include <string.h>
- #include <sys/socket.h>
- #include <netinet/in.h>
- #include <syslog.h>
- #include <errno.h>
- #include <stdlib.h>
- #define MAX_LISTEN_NUM 5
- #define SEND_BUF_SIZE 100
- #define RECV_BUF_SIZE 100
- #define SERVER_PORT 1010
- int main()
- {
- int sock_fd = 0;
- char recvbuf[RECV_BUF_SIZE] = {0};
- char sendbuf[SEND_BUF_SIZE] = {0};
- int recvlen = 0;
- int retlen = 0;
- int sendlen = 0;
- int leftlen = 0;
- char *ptr = NULL;
- struct sockaddr_in ser_addr;
- memset(&ser_addr, 0, sizeof(ser_addr));
- ser_addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
- inet_aton("127.0.0.1", (struct in_addr *)&ser_addr.sin_addr);
- ser_addr.sin_port = htons(SERVER_PORT);
- sock_fd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
- if(sock_fd < 0)
- {
- syslog(LOG_ERR, "%s:%d, create socket failed", __FILE__, __LINE__);
- exit(1);
- }
- if(connect(sock_fd, (struct sockaddr *)&ser_addr, sizeof(ser_addr)) < 0)
- {
- syslog(LOG_ERR, "%s:%d, connect socket failed", __FILE__, __LINE__);
- exit(1);
- }
- //receive data
- recvlen = 0;
- retlen = 0;
- ptr = recvbuf;
- leftlen = RECV_BUF_SIZE -1;
- //do
- {
- retlen = recv(sock_fd, ptr, leftlen, 0) ;
- if(retlen < 0)
- {
- if(errno == EINTR)
- retlen = 0;
- else
- exit(1);
- }
- recvlen += retlen;
- leftlen -= retlen;
- ptr += retlen;
- }
- //while(recvlen && leftlen);
- printf("receive data is : %s", recvbuf);
- sprintf(sendbuf, "hello server/n");
- //send data
- sendlen = strlen(sendbuf) +1;
- retlen = 0;
- leftlen = sendlen;
- ptr = sendbuf;
- // while(leftlen)
- {
- retlen = send(sock_fd, ptr, sendlen, 0);
- if(retlen < 0)
- {
- if(errno == EINTR)
- retlen = 0;
- else
- exit(1);
- }
- leftlen -= retlen;
- ptr += retlen;
- }
- close(sock_fd);
- }
现在一个简单的使用tcp的socket通信的例子已经完成了,这里有几个需要说明的问题
1)头文件:
sys/socket.h 包含了socket相关的函数,如socket,send 和recv, 以及struct sockaddr等
netinet/in.h 包含了地址结构,如struct sockaddr_in
errno.h 包含了errno 和 EINTR
syslog.h 包含了syslog相关的信息,其打印结果在/var/log/messages里面
2)socket地址
对于IPv4来说,其地址用的是struct sockaddr_in,具体结构如下
其中sin_len我们一般不关注,也不填(只有在使用routing socket的时候才用到,被内核用来处理各种协议簇的地址结构)。bind, connect, sendto, 和 sendmsg会把socket地址从程序传递给内核; 而accept, recvfrom, recvmsg, getpeername, 和 getsockname会把地址从内核传递给程序。因为不同协议簇的地址结构是不一样的,所以必须要有一个通用的指针来传递地址,对于ANSI C来说我们一般使用void *,但是socket产生早于ANSI C,所以也就没有使用这个机制,而是使用一个通用的地址结构struct sockaddr来处理的
- struct in_addr {
- in_addr_t s_addr; /* 32-bit IPv4 address */
- /* network byte ordered */
- };
- struct sockaddr_in {
- uint8_t sin_len; /* length of structure (16) */
- sa_family_t sin_family; /* AF_INET */
- in_port_t sin_port; /* 16-bit TCP or UDP port number */
- /* network byte ordered */
- struct in_addr sin_addr; /* 32-bit IPv4 address */
- /* network byte ordered */
- char sin_zero[8]; /* unused */
- };
IPv6的socket地址为struct sockaddr_in6
- struct sockaddr {
- uint8_t sa_len;
- sa_family_t sa_family; /* address family: AF_xxx value */
- char sa_data[14]; /* protocol-specific address */
- };
对于sockaddr-in6来说,我们不能用通用的地址struct sockaddr来存储了,而是产用新的通用地址结构struct sockaddr_storage,这个结构足够大可以存储任何系统支持的地址。
- struct in6_addr {
- uint8_t s6_addr[16]; /* 128-bit IPv6 address */
- /* network byte ordered */
- };
- #define SIN6_LEN /* required for compile-time tests */
- struct sockaddr_in6 {
- uint8_t sin6_len; /* length of this struct (28) */
- sa_family_t sin6_family; /* AF_INET6 */
- in_port_t sin6_port; /* transport layer port# */
- /* network byte ordered */
- uint32_t sin6_flowinfo; /* flow information, undefined */
- struct in6_addr sin6_addr; /* IPv6 address */
- /* network byte ordered */
- uint32_t sin6_scope_id; /* set of interfaces for a scope */
- };
几种常见的地址结构3) 相关函数的的length对于从程序传地址给内核的函数(如connect),其长度是一个整型值,告诉内核要copy的地址长度。对于从内核传递给程序的函数(如accpt),其长度是一个整型指针,是一个value-result参数。有两个目的:一告诉内核地址结构的长度,让内核在copy的时候不要超过这个长度;二返回内核真正copy的长度。4)字节序socket相关的函数都是使用网络字节序5)地址转换函数inet_aton, inet_ntoa, and inet_addr把IPv4字符串地址转为32位的网络字节序地址inet_ptonand inet_ntop可以转换IPv4和IPv6的地址6)listen中的backlog要知道这个值的含义先用说一下,对于一个listen的socket,有两个队列:一个是incomplete connection队列(仅仅收到SYN);一个是complete connection队列(三次握手完成)。accept函数就是在complete connection队列中取一个socket。backlog就是指队列的个数,但不行的是各个地方都没有明确定义这个值,没有说明究竟代表了哪个队列,或是两个队列之和。一般来说可以同时处理的连接数是backlog的1.5倍,很多地方都用5.7) getsockname 和 getpeername这两个函数可以与socket关联的地址,getsockname 和 getpeername分别得到自己和对端的地址
- struct sockaddr_storage {
- uint8_t ss_len; /* length of this struct (implementation dependent) */
- sa_family_t ss_family; /* address family: AF_xxx value */
- /* implementation-dependent elements to provide:
- * a) alignment sufficient to fulfill the alignment requirements of
- * all socket address types that the system support
- * b) enough storage to hold any type of socket address that the
- * system supports.
- */
- };
- int getsockname(int sockfd, struct sockaddr *localaddr, socklen_t *addrlen)
- int getpeername(int sockfd , struct sockaddr * peeraddr , socklen_t * addrlen );